Page 48 - Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as an Emerging Paradigm for Regenerative Therapy and Nano-Medicine

Int J Ophthalmol, Vol. 13, No. 9, Sep.18, 2020 www.ijo.cn
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·Review Article·

Progress in exosomes and their potential use in ocular

diseases

2
1
1
Su-Fang Li , Ying Han , Feng Wang , Ying Su 1
1 Ophthalmology Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of exosomes depend on the cell origin and are therefore different.
Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang At present, more and more studies have been carried out on
Province, China the role and mechanism of exosomes in the occurrence and
2 Gerontology Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin development of ocular related diseases.
Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, Basic Characteristics of Exosomes Exosomes were first
China discovered in the supernatant of sheep red blood cells cultured
Co-first authors: Su-Fang Li and Ying Han in vitro, described as vesicle like bodies with a diameter
Correspondence to: Feng Wang and Ying Su. Ophthalmology of about 30-150 nm. At present, most scholars believe that
Branch of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical the process of exosomes endogenesis and secretion is the
University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China. lysosomal microparticles in the cell membrane sink into
wangfd@126.com; hyingsu@126.com endosomes, and then form multivesicular bodies. The outer
Received: 2019-11-04 Accepted: 2020-04-15 membrane of the multivesicles merges with the cell membrane
and is secreted to form exosomes [1-2] . By the electron
Abstract microscope, the exosomes structure can be seen as a double-
● Exosomes contain a variety of biological active layered capsule lipid structure, which is actively secreted by
substances such as proteins, miRNAs, lncRNAs and lipids, cells. The exosomes are rich in tetratransmembrane protein
and exosomes from different cells play different biological family (CD63, CD81, and CD9), heat shock protein families,
functions. Exosomes, as a carrier, are involved in many and some specific proteins involved in exosomes transport.
pathological processes such as nerve injury and repair, Function of Exosomes Exosomes are widely found in all
vascular regeneration, immune response, and fibrosis biological fluids, including blood, milk, urine, saliva, tears,
formation. It plays an important role in the treatment of sweat, and cell culture supernatants. Exosomes with different
eye diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, cell origins have different functions. The ways in which
and keratitis. This paper reviews the research progress of exosomes function include: 1) Cell-cell communication.
exosomes in various diseases in vivo, which provides a new For example, as a carrier to present antigen, which is the
way for the treatment of eye diseases. main way for exosomes to function; 2) Garbage transfer
● KEYWORDS: exosomes; ocular diseases; progress; station. Exosomes can exclude excess or harmful molecules
treatment from cells or tissues. As in an inflammatory environment,
DOI:10.18240/ijo.2020.09.23 cells kill monocytes by releasing exosomes to alleviate the
inflammatory response; 3) Ideal biomarker. Lipid bimolecular
Citation: Li SF, Han Y, Wang F, Su Y. Progress in exosomes and their layer of exosomes plays a good protective role for DNA, RNA,
potential use in ocular diseases. Int J Ophthalmol 2020;13(9):1493-1498 and proteins in cell bodies. The exosomes come from a wide
range of sources (plasma, urine, milk, aqueous humor, and
INTRODUCTION cerebrospinal fluid, etc.), and the collection method is relatively
laucoma, corneal disease, and retinal disorders are the noninvasive; 4) The immune system in vivo is regulated by
G three major types of ocular blinding diseases. Since the stress-sensitive proteins and miRNAs. Exosomes have a
pathogenesis of these eye diseases are not completely clear variety of biologically active substances such as proteins,
[3]
at present, the treatment methods for these diseases have not miRNAs, lncRNAs, lipids and antigen presenting molecules .
been perfected, so the clinical treatment effect of the current Through these bioactive substances, the exosomes vesicles
methods for these eye diseases is currently not satisfactory. specifically bind to target cells and exerts different biological
Exosomes are extracellular small vesicles that are formed by functions, such as repairing damaged nerves, promoting
the regulation of endocytosis, fusion, and efflux. The effects of fibrosis, participating in immune responses, increasing

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