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文法
1 Transitive verbs: verbs taking a direct object
Verbs can be classified into two categories, “transitive verbs” and “intransitive verbs” depending on the number of concurring noun phrases. If a verb requires both the subject and one or more objects, it is transitive, whereas if a verb cannot accompany an object, it is intransitive. In English, an object that appears immediately after the verb is the direct object.
<Intransitive verbs> John slept SUBJECT VERB
<Transitive verbs> John built SUBJECT VERB
(well / until 10am).
a house (quickly / with his friend). DIRECT OBJECT
Here, you can see that phrases that are marked as subject and object are necessarily required by the verb. For example, if you stop at “John built” you get a sense that the sentence is incomplete. Similarly, you cannot try to add an additional noun phrase to an intransitive verb, as in “*John slept a bed,” either. In contrast, the phrases in the parentheses are modifying phrases that add optional information, and do not affect the grammaticality of the sentences if they are omitted or many of them are added. Thus, you should not confuse them with objects in transitive sentences.
In Japanese, as in English, transitive verbs are those verbs that take both the subject and the object. In Japanese, the subject is typically marked by the particle が, the direct object by the particle を.
1. 田中さんが ケーキを つくります。 ‘Tanaka-san will make a cake.’
2. 田中さんが しゃしんを 見ました。 ‘Tanaka-san saw a picture.’
Recall, however, in Japanese even subject and object can be dropped if understood by the context. You should know which verbs are transitive and which verbs are intransitive when you learn new vocabulary from now on. In vocabulary lists, transitive verbs are indicated by “V(が・を).” Here are some examples.
名前_____________________________セクション____-____
3. テニスを しました。
4. 日本語を べんきょうします。 5. これを おねがいします。
6. 日本語を つかいました。
7. かさを かいました。
‘I played tennis.’
‘I will study Japanese.’
‘(I will entrust you with) this one, please.’ ‘I used Japanese.’
‘I bought an umbrella.’
Lesson 7A Page 197