Page 151 - Maukon

(3) 2008 ckESpf2008 ckESpf
(2) (2) 1974 ckESpf1974 ckESpf
(2) 1974 ckESpf1974 ckESpf
(1) (1) 1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf;1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf;
(3) (3) 2008 ckESpf
(1) 1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf;1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf; (2) (2) 1974 ckESpf (3) (3) 2008 ckESpf2008 ckESpf
(1) (1) 1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf;
rSwfcsuf
rSwfcsuf
rSwfcsuf
rSwfcsuf
pOf pOf pOf
pOf pOf rSwfcsuf
tkyfcsKyfyH zGJUpnf;yH tajccHOya'tajccHOya' zGJUpnf;yH tajccHOya'tajccHOya' EdkifiHwnf armfuGef;rsm;
zGJUpnf;yH
tkyfcsKyfyH tajccHOya'tajccHOya'
zGJUpnf;yH
zGJUpnf;yHkkkkk tajccHOya'tajccHOya'
zGJUpnf;yH tajccHOya'
zGJUpnf;yH
zGJUpnf;yH
zGJUpnf;yHkkkkk tajccHOya'tajccHOya'
zGJUpnf;yH tajccHOya'
tkyfcsKyfyH
tkyfcsKyfyH tajccHOya'
tkyfcsKyfyHkkkkk tajccHOya'tajccHOya'
- EdkifiHa&;ygwDtjzpf Oya'ESifh
tnD zGJUpnf;rSwfyHkwifxm;&
rnf/
- Oya'ESifhtnD vGwfvyfpGm
pnf;½Hk;cGifh? a&G;aumufyGJrsm;ü
yg0if,SOfNydKifcGifh&Sdonf/
- ygwDrsm; a&Smif&rnfh pnf;urf;
rsm; yg&Sdonf/
6/ - ygvDref'Drdkua&pDtwdkif; - qdk&S,fvpf'Drdkua&pD yHkpH - ppfrSef pnf;urf;jynfh0aom - wpfOD;wnf;u tcsKyftjcmtm
&Sif;&Sif;pmay
tcsKyftjcmtmPm cufr twdkif; tcsKyftjcmtmPm 'Drdkua&pDyHkpHtwdkif; tcsKyf Pm tm;vHk;udk csKyfudkif&mü
oHk;jzmjzpfaom (1) Oya'jyK oHk;&yfudk tpdk;&? vTwfawmf tjcmtmPm oHk;&yfydkif;jcm; ygwDpHktrnfcHaomfvnf; wpf
a&;? (2) tkyfcsKyfa&;? (3) ESifh w&m;½Hk;csKyfwdkYu wm0ef NyD; cGJa0tyfESif;onf/ ygwDtmPm&Sifpepf? wpfOD;
w&m;pD&ifa&;tmPmrsm;udk ,l&aomfvnf; OD;aqmif - or®wu tkyfcsKyfa&;udk wnf; tmPm&Sifpepfbuf a&S;
a&G;aumufyGJü trwfae ygwD (jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf; vHk;0wm0efcH&onf/ jynf ½IoGm;wwfonf/ (tmPm,pf
&mtrsm;pk tEkdif&&Sdaom pOfygwD)\ OD;aqmifñTefMum; axmifpkvTwfawmfu Oya' rl;jcif;) tmPmwnfNrJ&ef rrSef
ygwDacgif;aqmifu qkyfudkif onfhtwdkif; vdkufemaqmif jyKa&;udk vHk;0wm0ef,l wm ruefvkyfjcif;rsm; &Sdvmwwf
xm;onf/ &Guf&onf/ 0efcH&onf/ jynfaxmifpk onf/ 451
(1) (1) 1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf; (2) (2) 1974 ckESpf (3) (3) 2008 ckESpf2008 ckESpf 452
(3) (3) 2008 ckESpf
(3) 2008 ckESpf2008 ckESpf
(1) 1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf;1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf;
(2) (2) 1974 ckESpf1974 ckESpf
(1) (1) 1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf;1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf;
(2) 1974 ckESpf1974 ckESpf
rSwfcsuf
rSwfcsuf
rSwfcsuf
pOf pOf rSwfcsuf
rSwfcsuf
pOf pOf pOf
zGJUpnf;yH tajccHOya'tajccHOya'
zGJUpnf;yH tajccHOya'tajccHOya'
tkyfcsKyfyH tajccHOya'tajccHOya' zGJUpnf;yH zGJUpnf;yH
tkyfcsKyfyH
tkyfcsKyfyH
zGJUpnf;yHkkkkk tajccHOya'tajccHOya'
zGJUpnf;yH
zGJUpnf;yH tajccHOya'
zGJUpnf;yH
tkyfcsKyfyH tajccHOya'
tkyfcsKyfyHkkkkk tajccHOya'tajccHOya'
zGJUpnf;yH tajccHOya'
zGJUpnf;yHkkkkk tajccHOya'tajccHOya'
- tmPm&ygwDacgif;aqmif - ygwDuwm0efay;aom or®w w&m;vTwfawmfu w&m;pD - wpfygwDwnf;u OD;aqmifjcif;
u 0efBuD;csKyfvkyfNyD; tkyfcsKyf onf tkyfcsKyfa&;? Oya'jyK &ifa&;udk vHk;0 wm0ef,l jzifh t&nftcsif;ESifh apwem
onf/ tmPm&ygwD\ a&;wdkYudk OD;aqmifonf/ wm0efcH&onf/ jynfh0rSefuefaom ygwDjzpfvQif
trwfOD;a&u trsm;qHk;jzpf w&m;pD&ifa&;udk BuD;Muyf - tmPmudk oHk;OD;? oHk;XmeodkY EdkifiHtusKd;jyKvkyfief;rsm; oGuf
0efBuD;csKyfjy|mef;vdkaom uGyfuJonf/ or®wtxuf tvsm;vdkuf ydkif;jcm;ay;tyf vufxufjrufpGm vkyfay;Ekdif
Oya'rsm;om jy|mef;NyD; wGif ygwD&Sdonf/ NyD;rS txufatmuf? a'gif aomfvnf; ygwDnHhvQif? vlnHh
twdkuftcHwdkY wifoGif;aom - or®wu tmPm(vkyfydkif vdkuf cGJa0tyfESif;aponf/ vQif EdkifiHydkrdkxdcdkuf tusKd;
Oya'Murf;udk trwf(rJ)ESifh cGihf)rsm;udk atmuftqifhqifh (Separation of powers + ,kwfaponfhtjyif wpfygwD
y,fcsavh&Sdonf/ odkY cGJa0tyfESif;onf/ a'gif Division of powers) tmPm&SifpepfodkY OD;wnfoGm;
- 0efBuD;csKyfu xkdtmPmrsm; vdkuf (Division of powers) - or®w? vTwfawmf? w&m; wwfonf/
&Sif;&Sif;pmay
udk atmuftqifhqifhodYk yif jzpfonf/ vTwfawmf oHk;OD; oHk;zvS,f - tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk oHk;ydkif;
cGJa0tyfESif;onf/ a'gifvdkuf - wpfygwDwnf; (jrefrmhqdk u tmPmwpf&yfpDudk wm ydkif;jcm; oHk;OD;? oHk;zGJUtm; wm
(Division of powers) jzpf &S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD)u tm 0ef,lum tmPmoHk;&yf 0efrQay;jcif;? tjyeftvSefxdef;
onf/ Pmtm;vHk; csKyfudkifOD;aqmif pvHk;twGuf tjyeftvSef ausmif;aom pepfonf tm
- wpfOD;wnf; (tmPm&ygwD vrf;ñTefonf/ ygwDvkyfief; xdef;ausmif;aompepf Pm&SifpepfESifh vHk;0jcm;em;oGm;
acgif;aqmif 0efBuD;csKyf)u ppfaq;a&;ESifh ygwDpnf;urf; (Check and counter check onf/ ydkrdkoGufvufxufjruf
tmPmtm;vHk; csKyfudkif xdef;odrf;a&;aumfrwD? ygwD or check and Balance) yHkpH rSefuefaponf/ wuúodkvfjrwfol
onf/ tmPm& 0efBuD;csKyf nDvmcHwdkYu xdef;odrf;Edkif jzifh xdef;onf/
(2) (2) 1974 ckESpf1974 ckESpf
(2) (2) 1974 ckESpf
(3) (3) 2008 ckESpf
(1) (1) 1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf;
(1) (1) 1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf;1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf;
(3) 2008 ckESpf2008 ckESpf
(1) 1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf;1947 ckESpf zGJUpnf; (2) 1974 ckESpf1974 ckESpf (3) (3) 2008 ckESpf2008 ckESpf
rSwfcsuf
rSwfcsuf
rSwfcsuf
pOf pOf rSwfcsuf
pOf pOf pOf
rSwfcsuf
zGJUpnf;yH tajccHOya'tajccHOya'
zGJUpnf;yH
tkyfcsKyfyH
tkyfcsKyfyH tajccHOya'tajccHOya' zGJUpnf;yH tajccHOya'tajccHOya' zGJUpnf;yH
tkyfcsKyfyHkkkkk tajccHOya'tajccHOya'
tkyfcsKyfyH tajccHOya'
zGJUpnf;yHkkkkk tajccHOya'tajccHOya'
tkyfcsKyfyH
zGJUpnf;yH
zGJUpnf;yHkkkkk tajccHOya'tajccHOya'
zGJUpnf;yH
zGJUpnf;yH tajccHOya'
zGJUpnf;yH tajccHOya'
u tmPmoHk;pvHk; Ekdifeif; pGrf;&Sdonf/ EdkifiHwnf armfuGef;rsm;
pGm rudkifEdkifcJh/ ygvDref'Drdk
ua&pDpepfwGif tpdk;&wnf
NrJcdkifcHhrI tm;enf;onf/
7? jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHtjzpf (1) jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHtjzpf (1) jynfaxmifpkEkdifiHtjzpf (1)
ucsifjynfe,f? (2) u,m; ucsif? (2) u,m;? (3) u&iff? ucsif? (2) u,m;? (3) u&iff?
jynfe,f? (3) u&ifjynfe,f? (4) csif;? (5) rGef? (6) &cdkif? (4) csif;? (5) rGef? (6) &cdkif?
(4) &Srf;jynfe,fESifh (5) csif; (7) &Srf; ponfh jynfe,f ckepf (7) &Srf; ponfh jynfe,f ckepf
0daoowdkif;wdkYjzifhzGJUpnf;onf/ ck? ppfudkif;? weoFm&D? yJcl;? ck? jynfe,frsm;ESifh tqifhwl
&Sif;&Sif;pmay
1948 ckESpfrS 1960 jynfhESpf rauG;? rEÅav;? &efukef? {&m wdkif;a'oBuD; ckepfck (ppfudkif;?
cefYtxd &Sr;fapmfbGm;rsm;u 0wD ponfh wdkif;ckepfckjzifh zGJU weoFm&D? yJcl;? rauG;? rEÅav;?
u,m;apmzsmrsm;? ucsif 'l;0g; pnf;onf/ &efukef? {&m0wD)wdkYjzifh zGJUpnf;
rsm;\ ya'o&mZfpepf &SdaecJh onf/ (1) ]0}udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyf
onf/ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI rsm;vGef; cGifh&wdkif;? (2) udk;uefY udk,fydkif
NyD; wpfjynfaxmifpepf qef tkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o? (3) "Ekudk,f
onf[k wdkif;&if;om;EkdifiHa&; ydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o? (4) em*
orm;tcsKdUu a0zefcJhonf/ udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfcGifh&a'o? (5) 453