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Naturopathic Medicine
HISTORY AND PROFESSIONAL FORMATION TIMELINE
1810-1814
DEFINITIONS, ETHICS, PRINCIPLES, AND THEORY
1810 Mary Gove Nichols, née Mary Sargeant Neal (d. 1884) Pioneering lay hygienist, champion of Graham and advocate for woman’s rights. Known for controversial public lectures on anatomy and physiology.••
1810 Samuel Hahnemann publishes Organon Der Rationellen Heilkunde (The Organon of Rational Therapeutics), founds discipline of homeopathic medicine. The Organon becomes central influence in later naturopathic theory. ••
PRACTICE MODELS AND DELIVERY
1810 The term “eclectic” is coined by Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1784-1841) to refer to physicians who employed whatever is found to be beneficial to patients (“eclectic” derives from the Greek, eklego, meaning “to choose from”). French botanist cataloguing American plants.
HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGEBASE
1812 Russell Thacker Trall, MD (d. 1877) Hygiene, hydrotherapy, vegetarian pioneer, writer, publisher, educator. Launched Water Cure Center, NYC, 1844. Opened Hygienic Institute, NY, 1847. Published The Water-Cure Journal, later renamed Herald of Health. Renowned as proponent of health creation, natural law, healthy living.••
1813 Claude Bernard, MD (d. 1878) French physiologist who articulated and introduced the term, milieu intérieur (i.e., self-regulatory homeodynamics). Known for: “The terrain is everything; the germ is nothing.”
16 Naturopathic Medicine
HISTORY AND PROFESSIONAL FORMATION TIMELINE
1815-1819
FOUNDATIONS OF NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE
HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGEBASE
1816 Pierre Jacques Antoine Béchamp, MD (d. 1908) Developer of the Terrain theory of disease, emphasizing that an individual’s health is pivotal in the appearance and virulence of disease. Influenced and debated L. Pasteur.
1818 Robert S. Newton, MD (d. 1881) Influential Eclectic physician, author and educator; Dean
of Eclectic Medical Institute (1856-1861) and its Clinical Institute; co-founder with J. Buchanan of Eclectic Medical Journal; also active in New York, NY. ••
PRACTICE MODELS AND DELIVERY
1818 System of Practical Medicine (System Der Praktischen Heilkunde, 1818-1828). (Christof Hufeland).
ACADEMIC: INSTITUTIONS AND COUNCILS
1819 Daniel Drake, MD, founds Medical College of Ohio. Prior to its establishment, doctors learned medicine primarily through apprenticeship. Had strong influence on the Eclectics.
1820-1824
HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGEBASE
1821 Rudolph Virchow, MD (d. 1902) Pioneer
of cellular pathology. German physician, anthropologist, politician, social reformer. Pioneered theory, i.e., human diseases understandable through cellular dysfunction. Signaled divide between mechanistic/reductionist and vitalistic/natural medicine schools. Taught illness was not in the whole organism but localized to certain cells or groups of cells.••
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