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Naturopathic Medicine
HISTORY AND PROFESSIONAL FORMATION TIMELINE
4th c. BCE
HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGEBASE
4th c. BCE Agnodike, popular but controversial Athenian midwife and first female physician with focus on women’s medicine.
4th c. BCE Metrodora, Greek female physician, wrote On the Diseases and Cures of Women.
DEFINITIONS, ETHICS, PRINCIPLES, AND THEORY
384 BCE Aristotle (d. 322 BCE) Greek philosopher. Plato’s student; subscribed to holos (meaning total or all) summarized in Metaphysics as the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; introduced the philosophical concept of [Greek]psyche or soul
as the principle of life, responsible for cognition, for animating living beings. Held that psyche was central to life and all that lived. “Soul” or “vital function” is what Aristotle in De anima (On the Soul ) called the entelechy (or first entelechy) of the living organism. “The totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts.”••
1st c. CE
HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGEBASE
1st c. CE Aspasia, a Greek woman physician, wrote a text on women’s medicine, including childbirth, and women’s surgery.
40 CE Pedianos Dioscorides (d. ca. 90) Greek physician and philosopher, writes De Materia Medica (ca. 70 CE), an early important herbal text on systematic application of plant medicines to diseases. Influential today.
10 Naturopathic Medicine
HISTORY AND PROFESSIONAL FORMATION TIMELINE
2nd c. CE
FOUNDATIONS OF NATUROPATHIC MEDICINE
HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGEBASE
2nd c. CE Cleopatra, Egyptian physician during the Ptolemaic Period, wrote extensively about medicines, pregnancy, childbirth, and women’s health; these writings were consulted by Galen and other authorities and studied for over 1,000 years.
HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGEBASE
129 CE Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (d. 199/217; Greek: Γαληνός) better known as Galen of Pergamon. Most influential Roman physician, surgeon and philosopher in subsequent centuries. Experimenter and anatomist; Empiricist turned Rationalist. Emphasized clinical results; shifted frame of analysis from whole person to organs; used experience to build systems, esp. humoral diagnosis. Dominant dogma of Western medicine for more than 1,300 years; often inaccurate. ••
4th c. CE
HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGEBASE
4th c CE Artemisia, queen of Caria (in the southwest of modern Turkey), noted botanist, herbalist and physician. Artemisia documented the medicinal influences of wormwood as a drink according to Pliny the Elder who named the
plant after her. She influenced later ancient male authors including Strabo and Pliny. Women in Egypt continued to exercise authority in medicine and the sciences until the triumph of institutional Christianity in the country in the 4th century CE.
314 CE Synod of Ancyra. Roman Church condemned any who sought or gave relief from illness by any means but prayer as disease was viewed as a religious problem, not a medical one.
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