Page 48 - Foundations of Naturopathic Medicine

Naturopathic Medicine
HISTORY AND PROFESSIONAL FORMATION TIMELINE
A Living Chronicle: A Tapestry of People, Events and Institutions
HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGE BASE
490 BCE Empedokles (d. 430 BCE) (Greek: Ἐμπεδοκλῆς) Pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek city in Sicily; best known
as articulator of cosmogenic theory of the four Classical elements derived from ancient Mystery School teachings.
470 BCE Sokrates (d. 399 BCE) (Greek: Σωκρατης) Philosopher; originator of dialectical method of critical inquiry (Socratic method), i.e., method of elenchus first described by Plato in the Socratic Dialogues; epistemologically important in medical philosophy and education.
HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGE BASE
ca. 460 BCE Hippocrates of Kos (d. 370 BCE) (Greek: Hippokratēs, Ἱπποκράτης) Greek physician; son of Asklepian priest-physician; studied at Asklepiad of Kos, 5th century BCE; renowned
for respecting nature and self-healing process
of physis, including coction (healing response, discharge cycle, factors). Skilled diagnostician emphasized prognosis over diagnosis; pivotal
in shift from temple priesthood to profession of physicians; respected Mysteries, emphasized experimental approach; developed code of ethics; ‘father’ of the profession of Western classical physicians; influenced all schools of medicine through code of ethics and the Hippocratic Corpus, mostly by students and other later writers. XX
HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGE BASE
450-350 BCE The Hippocratic Corpus (Latin:
Corpus Hippocraticum) Body of evolving and often contradictory medical texts written in Ionic Greek between the 6th-4th c. BCE by the emerging Greek physicians from diverse schools of philosophy
and practice, notably those of Kos and Knidus.
A fraction of the texts potentially attributable to Hippocrates as a historic figure. Key concepts central to the Corpus: physis (“life” or “nature”), eîdos (Greek: εἶδο: “type”, “the it” diagnosed);
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coction (Latin coctio: “mixture, compounding and digestion,” i.e., therapeutic “cooking”); and techné (Greek: τέχνη: “art, craft, skill”). XX
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4th c. bce HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGE BASE
4th c.BCE Agnodike (Greek: Ἀγνοδίκη) Popular
but controversial Athenian midwife; first woman physician in Greek medicine with focus on women’s medicine.
PRINCIPLES, THEORIES, DEFINITIONS AND ETHICS
384 BCE Aristotle (d. 322 BCE ) (Greek: Aristotélēs, Ἀριστοτέλης) Philosopher; student of Plato; subscribed to holos (meaning total or all) summarized in Metaphysics as the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; introduced philosophical concept of psyche or soul as principle of life, responsible for cognition and animating living beings. Held psyche as central to life and all that lived. In De anima (On the Soul ) referred to ‘anima’ (soul) or ‘vital function’ as the entelechy (or first entelechy) of living organisms. “The totality is not, as it were, a mere heap, but the whole is something besides the parts.” \[De Anima\] XX
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1stc. ce
HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGE BASE
40 CE Pedanius Dioscorides (d. ca. 90) (Greek: Pedianos Dioskorides, Πεδάνιος Διοσκουρίδης) Physician and botanist; wrote De Materia Medica (ca. 70 CE), an early important herbal text on systematic application of plant medicines to diseases.
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