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concepts, physiological changes based on emotion; later summarized in Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage (1915). Advanced understanding
of chemical neurotransmission complexities, “homeostasis” (term coined by Cannon in 1926). In 1928, Cannon increased attention to clinical implications of his physiological discoveries. “All that I have done thus far in reviewing the various protective and stabilizing devices of the body is to present a modern interpretation of the natural vis medicatrix.” (“Walter B. Cannon, L. J. Henderson, and the Organic Analogy,”; S. T. Cross and W. R. Albury. Osiris 1987). XX
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1872
ACADEMIC: INSTITUTIONS AND COUNCILS
Pulte Medical College (Homeopathic) founded in Cincinnati, OH; first graduates 1873; merges with the Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College to form Cleveland-Pulte Medical College, 1910.
PRINCIPLES, THEORIES, DEFINITIONS, AND ETHICS
Benedict Lust, MD, DO, DC, ND (d. 1945) Born
in Michelbach, Germany; founder, leader, and champion of naturopathy as a distinct medical profession. Visionary, publisher, and social activist. Envisioned NDs as ‘new’ physician-level profession practicing a traditionally-grounded and innovative synthesis. Core role as naturopathy’s US leader from its emergence through early professionalization into midcentury crisis. Espoused “Natural Living Laws” and Therapeutic Universalism, integrating therapies from diverse drugless schools of thought and practice based
on core naturopathic principles. Founded American School of Naturopathy (1901), American Naturopathic Association (1919); publisher of The Naturopath and Herald of Health. Honored as “One of the five great Naturopaths of America” in 1947 at the Golden Jubilee Convention of the American Naturopathic Association. XXXX
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Era of Medical Pluralism
early communities of practice
1801 - 1879
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1873
PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS
Medical Society of Washington Territory forms, with one of seven physicians being an “irregular,” soon excluded by Regulars.
ACADEMIC: INSTITUTIONS AND COUNCILS
American Medical College; Eclectic. 1910, drops Eclectic medicine; merges with Barnes Medical College in 1911.
Physio-Medical College of Indiana founded in Indianapolis, IN; closed, 1909.
HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGE BASE
Dinshah P. Ghadiali (d. 1966), inventor of Spectro- Chrome system: focusing light through colored glass of specific frequencies. Through extensive documented research published in Visible Spectrum Researcher he claimed that his instrument “acts upon the Physical Body, not by absorption or penetration, but by a process of Reinforcement
or Interference on the Radio Emanations of the Chemical Body, called the Aura or the Auric Vehicle.” Significant influence on contemporary and later color therapy and light therapeutics used by G.S. White, M.B. DeJarnette, P. Wendel, other practitioners in mid-20th century. Subject to attacks based on race and therapeutics, he was often arrested; had his research facility destroyed by arson. XX
Fredrick W. Collins, MD, DO, ND, PhC (d. 1948) Embraced eclectic aspects of naturopathic medicine. Educator and activist, influential in national professional organizations, established first naturopathic charity clinic. Founder, First National University of Naturopathy; known for widely used Universal Naturopathic Tonic Technique (UNTT). Nominated to run for president of the United States. Honored as “One of the five great
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