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Vitalist Traditions and Systems: Middle Eastern, Mediterranean and European
vis medicatrix naturae: worldviews and paradigms
1799 - 1001
/ collection on women’s health.
1000's
HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGE BASE
,)بطلا يف نوناقلا :Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb (Arabic 1025 translated as The Canon of Medicine. Written by Persian physician and polymath Ibn Sina (Arabic: Latin: Avicenna) Widely influential ;انيس نبا medical text in Islamic Unani medicine and Medieval European medicine. Standard medical text until 18th c. in Europe; used in Unani medicine today; relevant to naturopathic theory.
1085ca Pantegni A significant encyclopedia of medicine, written by 10th c. Persian, ‘Ali ibn al- ‘Abbas al-Majusi; translated into Latin by North African merchant-turned-monk, Constantine
the African; scholars have concluded that this manuscript was produced at Abbey of Monte Cassino under Constantine the African’s direct supervision; Constantine died circa 1098-99. Oldest known copy in Europe, 1085; part of influx of Arabic and ancient Greek sources; influenced epochal shift in the learnèd medicine of Europe.
1098 Hildegard von Bingen (d. 1179) Catholic (Benedictine) nun, abbess, visionary, composer, theologian, mystic; practiced humoral medicine as an infirmarian, often functioned at the level of a physician; considered a great teacher of her time; influential today. Wrote on herbs and healing: three theology books, two medical texts (Causes and Cures, Physica); 70 pieces of music, among other works. Cultivated theory of viriditas, ’the greening force,’ and physician as gardener, while advancing humoral and elemental theory.
1135 Moses Maimonides (d. 1204) Jewish rabbinical scholar, philosopher and physician; emphasized healthy living in alignment with religious laws; studied and practiced humoral medicine.
/
1400's
LEGISLATION AND PUBLIC POLICY
1421 Roman Church edict prohibits women from practicing medicine in Europe. Many European jursidictions also prohibit practice of medicine by non-university graduates.XX
1450-1750 Between 40,000 and 100,000 people executed for witchcraft in Europe, according
to conservative scholarly estimates. Some estimate that up to several million people were executed over a 400-year period but such claims are unsubstantiated. Herbalists, midwives and
folk medicine practitioners were predominant among those persecuted, with women constituting an estimated 60-85% of those executed.
The extended campaign to eradicate pre-Christian and syncretic elements of European rural culture severely restricted the role of women and animistic practitioners in medical practice, informal
care delivery, and cultural/religious leadership throughout Europe. The “Burning Times” were
part of a broader cultural shift characterized
by concentration of land ownership by elites, disruption of traditional relationships of
people with their ancestors and ancestral lands, and systematic destruction of the cultural practices
/ of rural society, particularly the place of women
1100's
HERITAGE AND KNOWLEDGE BASE
1100 Trota of Salerno Studied medicine in Salerno; wrote at least one book in Trotula Major, a
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in roles of authority and power. Over time these therapeutic traditions gradually re-emerge as cunning folk, pellars, czarownica, curanderos, and other local names under a pan-European “dual belief” mixture of Christian and indigenous practices well into the 19th century. XXX
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