Page 25 - If Not The Adult System,Then Where? Alternatives to Adult Incarceration For Youth Certified As Adults

Endnotes 1 The Justice Policy Institute & National Center for Victims of Crime. (2018). Smart Safe & Fair: Strategies to Prevent Youth Violence, Heal Victims of Crime and Reduce Racial Inequality. Retrieved from http://www.justicepolicy.org/research/12222. 2 National Research Council. (2013). Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Retrieved from https://www.nap.edu/catalog/14685/reforming-juvenile-justice-a-developmental-approach. 3 Carson, E.A. (January 2018). Prisoners in 2016. Retrieved from https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p16.pdf. Zeng, Z. (February 2018). Jail Inmates in 2016. Retrieved from https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ji16.pdf. 4 34 USC 11103. 5 42 U.S.C. 15601; 28 CFR, Part 115.14. 6 National Center for Juvenile Justice. (2018). Easy Access to Juvenile Court Statistics: 1985–2016. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved from www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/ezajcs/. 7 Puzzanchera, C., Sickmund, M., & Sladky, A. (2018). Youth Younger than 18 Prosecuted in Criminal Court: National Estimate, 2015 Cases. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: National Center for Juvenile Justice. Retrieved from http://www.campaignforyouthjustice. org/images/Transfer-estimate.pdf. Note that the total number of juvenile arrests for 2015 was estimated to be 921,600. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2017). Statistical Briefing Book: Juvenile Arrests. Retrieved from https://www.ojjdp. gov/ojstatbb/crime/qa05101.asp?qaDate=2015&text=yes. 8 Carson, E.A. (January 2018). Zeng, Z. (February 2018). Supra note 3. Carson, E.A. & Sabol, W.J. (December 2012). Prisoners in 2011. Retrieved from https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/p11.pdf. 9 The Justice Policy Institute. (Aug 2016). Defining Violence: Reducing Incarceration by Rethinking America’s Approach to Violence. Retrieved from http://www.justicepolicy.org/research/10708. 10 Don Stemen. (July 2017). The Prison Paradox: More Incarceration Will Not Make Us Safer. Retrieved from https://storage. googleapis.com/vera-web-assets/downloads/Publications/for-the-record-prison-paradox-incarceration-not-safer/legacy_ downloads/for-the-record-prison-paradox_02.pdf. 11 The Justice Policy Institute. (Aug 2016). Supra note 9. 12 Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators. (2017). Position Paper: Waiver and Transfers. Retrieved from http://cjca. net/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/waiver-and-transer-paper-March-2017-final.pdf (Stating in part, “The Council of Juvenile Correctional Administrators (CJCA) strongly supports the position that the juvenile justice system is the most appropriate system to hold youths accountable and receive age - appropriate and effective treatment and rehabilitation opportunities.”) Campaign for Youth Justice. (2018). National Policy Statements and Resolutions. http://campaignforyouthjustice.org/national-policy- statements-resolutions. Also see, Campaign for Youth Justice. (2014). Snapshot of National Organizations’ Policy Statements on Youth in the Adult Criminal Justice System. Retrieved from http://cfyj.org/images/policybriefs/policyreform/CFYJ_Snapshot_-_ Dec_2014.pdf. 13 The Justice Policy Institute & National Center for Victims of Crime. (2018). Supra note 1. 14 Compared to 2016 data, the most recent available as of this writing; incarceration figures based on one-day count of juveniles in residential placement. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (December 2017). Statistical Briefing Book: Juvenile Arrest Rate Trends. Retrieved from http://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/crime/JAR_Display.asp?ID=qa05200. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (March 2018). Statistical Briefing Book: Juveniles in Corrections. Retrieved from https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/corrections/qa08201.asp?qaDate=2016. 15 Neelum, A. (2011). State Trends: Legislative Changes from 2005 to 2010 Removing Youth from the Adult Criminal Justice System. Washington, DC: Campaign for Youth Justice. Retrieved from http://www.cfyj.org/images/ nationalreports/statetrendslegislativevictories.pdf. 16 Puzzanchera, C., Sickmund, M., & Sladky, A. (2018). Supra note 7. 17 State of Nebraska Judicial Branch, Administrative Office of the Courts and Probation. (2017). Nebraska Juvenile Justice System Statistical Annual Report: 2016. Retrieved from https://supremecourt.nebraska.gov/sites/default/files/2016-juvenile-justice- system-statistical-annual-report-viewing.pdf. 18 Maryland Department of Juvenile Services. (January 2017) Youth Charged as Adults: Calendar Year 2014 and 2015 Update. Retrieved from https://djs.maryland.gov/Documents/publications/Youth%20Charged%20as%20Adults%20-%202014%20and%20 2015.pdf. 19 New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services. (n.d.). 2013-2017 Dispositions of Arrests Involving 16 and 17 Year Olds. Retrieved from http://www.criminaljustice.ny.gov/crimnet/ojsa/dispo-youth-arrests/index.htm Alternatives to Adult Incarceration for Youth Charged as Adults 25