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Feature Story
       System designers must consider the   impact that automation can have on the   of Learmonth, WA, 7 October 2008 (pp. 191-214).
       effect a highly automated system can   human component and by extension,   Canberra: Australian Transport Safety Bureau.
       have on the supervisor and adapt to   human  performance,  has  existed  for   Boeing. (2013) Statistical summary of commercial jet
                                                                                airplane accidents. worldwide operations 1959 -2013.
       mitigate those effects from the earliest   many decades of high-level automation   https://www.skybrary.aero/bookshelf/books/2990.pdf
       design phase.                        aviation.                           Casner, S.M., Geven, R.W., Recker, M. P. & Schooler
          Creating a system that is adaptive   In  1977  Edwards  wrote  a  journal   J.W. (2014). The retention of manual flying skills in the
       and actively engages the pilot in periods   article stating the lack of human factor   automated cockpit. Human Factors, 56 (8), 1506-1516.
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       of low mental workload but is also able to   consideration in system design; in 1991   Chialastri, A. (2012). Automation in aviation (pp. 80-
       intuitively take up tasks in times of high   NASA released Human-centered aircraft   101). Rome: INTECH Open Access Publisher.
       mental workload will likely be the way   automation: A concept and guidelines   De Boer, R., & Hurts, K. (2017). Automation Surprise.
       forward. However, adaptive automation   to direct their organisation, and even   Aviation Psychology and Applied Human Factors, 7(1),
                                                                                28-41. doi:10.1027/2192-0923/a000113
       itself is not a simple matter and a myriad   in  2018  books  are  being  written  on   Dehais, F., Peysakhovich, V., Scannella, S., Fongue,
       of elements must be considered in order   the  same  subject. As  exemplified   J.,  &  Gateau, T.  (2015).  “Automation  Surprise”  in
       not  to  create  its  own  human  factors   by  this  the  human-factors  approach   Aviation:  Real-  Time  Solutions.  Proceedings  Of
                                                                                The  33Rd Annual ACM  Conference  On  Human
       problems (Endsley, 1996). The exact   to  automation  is  one  that  has  been   Factors  In  Computing  ystems  -  CHI‘15.  doi:
       method for implementation of adaptive   discussed throughout the entire history   10.1145/2702123.2702521
       automation requires significant study   of its use.                      Edwards,  E.  (1977). Automation  in  civil  transport
       and  automated  system  designers      It is clear from the analysis of the   aircraft.  Applied  Ergonomics,  8(4),  194-198.  doi:
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       should make it a critical point for further   sources  that  system  designers  are   Endsley,  M.  (1996). Automation  and  situation
       research.                            aware  of  the  need  to  appreciate  the   awareness in R. Parasuraman and M. Mouloua (Eds)
          Other  points  of  improvement  are   human  dimensions  of  their  work,   Automation  and  human  performance:  Theory  and
       easier to approach. This could include   although  translating  this  knowledge   applications  (pp163-181).  Mahwah,  NJ:  Lawrence
                                                                                Erlbaum
       creating a system to encourage the pilot   into tangible results has thus far been   Endsley,  M.  R.,  &  Kiris,  E.  O.  (1995). The  out-of-
       to behave in an active manner when   of modest success.                  theloop performance problem and level of control in
       monitoring, as shown by Casner et al.   Inarguably, automation has had a   automation.  Human Factors,  37(2),  (pp.  381-394).
                                                                                doi:10.1518/001872095779064555
       (2014), this will likely benefit cognitive   significant impact on the reduction of   Harris, Don. (2011). Human Performance on the Flight
       skill retention. Furthermore, the drop   aviation safety incidents and will likely   Deck (1st ed., pp. 227-229). Farnham: Ashgate.
       in situation awareness brought on by   continue this trend far into the future.  ICAO. (1998). Human Factors Training Manual (1st
       changes in feedback to the operator    However,  we  can  see  that  the   ed.). Montreal: ICAO.
       is easily combatable through a robust   application  of  human  factors  to  the   James, M., Birch, C., McClumpha, A. and beylavin, A.
       user  interface  designed  to  provide   improvement of human-automation co-  (1993). The Perception of workload on the Automated
                                                                                Flights Deck Farnborough: Defence Research Agency.
       feedback that is informative and easily   ordination may succeed in finally closing   Kaber, D., & Endsley, M. (2004). The effects of level
       digestible by the pilot. It should provide   the gap in automation safety.  of automation and adaptive automation on human
       the information in such a way as to not   Only if we consider the human factor   performance, situation awareness and workload
                                                                                in a dynamic control task.  Theoretical  Issues  In
       drastically increase the mental workload   and take a human-centered approach   Ergonomics Science, 5(2), 113-153.
       on  the  pilot  and  thereby  reduce  his   to  system  design,  can  we  achieve   http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1463922021000054335
       performance.                         the greatest success in its application   Oster, Clinton V., Strong, John S. and Zorn, Kurt. (2010).
          What  this  means  is  that  in  a   and attain zero accidents per million   Why Airplanes Crash: Causes of Accidents Worldwide.
       highly automated system, the user is   takeoffs. In conclusion, it is considering,   No  207282,  51st Annual Transportation  Research
                                                                                Forum. Arlington, Virginia. https://EconPapers.repec.
       essentially  left  too  little  to  do  in  the   analysing  and  perfecting  the  human   org/ RePEc:ags:ndtr10:207282.
       system  process  and  falls  out  of  the   dimensions of the flight deck that is key   Reason,  J.  (2000).  Safety  paradoxes  and  safety
       loop. This out-of-the-loop performance   to successful automation.       culture. Injury Control And Safety Promotion, 7(1),
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       issue  is  suggested  to  occur  through                                 Weiner,  E.  (1989).  Human  factors  of  advanced
       vigilance and complacency problems,  ABOUT THE AUTHOR                    technology (glass cockpit) transport aircraft (pp. 169-
       shifting from active to passive roles in   MIDN  Ryan  Lake  is  an  undergraduate   182). Miami: NASA, United States. Retrieved from
       the system and changes in feedback to   studying a Bachelor of Science majoring in   https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.
                                                                                gov/19890016609.pdf
       the operator (Endsley, 1996).        Aviation and Chemistry at the University of   Williams, K. (2004). A Summary of Unmanned Aircraft
                                            New South Wales Canberra. He is keenly   Accident/Incident Data: Human Factors Implications.
       Conclusion                           interested in modern aviation safety and the   Oklahoma  City:  Civil Aerospace  Medical  Institute.
                                            human factors discipline. Most notably in   Retrieved  from  http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/
       It  must  be  noted  that  little  or  no   optimising the human performance effects   a460102.pdf
       systematic  attempt  has  been  made   of advancing aviation technologies.  Xie, B., & Salvendy, G. (2000). Review and reappraisal
       to  design  and  implement  automatic   References                       of modelling and predicting mental workload in single-
                                                                                and multi-task environments. Work & Stress, 14(1),
       systems  in  relation  to  the  needs,   Australian Transport Safety Bureau. (1996). Human   74-99. doi: 10.1080/026783700417249
       capabilities and limitations of human   Factors in Fatal Aircraft Accidents. Canberra: ATSB.   Courtesy DFSB and Aviation Safety Spotlight
       performance  (Edwards,  1977). As    Retrieved from https://www.atsb.gov.au/media/28363/
                                            sir199604_001.pdf
       illustrated  by  Edwards,  concern  for   Australian Transport Safety Bureau. (2008). In-flight
       mitigating  the  inadvertently  negative   upset — Airbus A330-303, VH-QPA, 154 km west


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