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this educated group did not have any
398 Indonesian Islamic Culture in Historical Perspectives
ideologies. Kuntowijoyo called them Through the Islamic propagation network After Hidayat Nur Wahid, the leadership The LDK Salman ITB. The
62
emotional and historical ties with old ‘Muslims without mosques’. on campuses, these educational was taken up by Tifatul Sembiring, Luhfi Congregation of Salman
Islamic mass-organizations, because There are three factors behind the movements coalesced in the Lembaga Hasan Ishaq, and, currently, by Anis ITB was the first LDK that
most of them were from new generations emergence of the new santris in the Dakwah Kampus (Campus Propagation Matta. In the 2004 election, with 7.3%, was established, namely
of Muslims who were not bound by 63 Agency, LDK), which began to flourish the PKS managed to gain enough votes. on May 30, 1964.
the dichotomy between traditionalist 1980s. First, the strong repression of in the mid-1980s. Through this network In the 2009 election, the party managed Source: Documentary of
and modernist Muslims. Although their political Islamic groups and the failure they later founded the Indonesian Muslim to gain 7.8% of the overall votes, but was the Salman ITB.
of Islamic parties during the New Order
families might have been rooted in major Student Action Union (Kesatuan Aksi less succesful in the 2014 election with
Islamic mass-organizations, such as era had made the younger generations Mahasiswa Muslim Indonesia, KAMMI) 6.9% of the votes.
the Muhammadiyah, NU, Persis and of Muslims in Indonesia to try to find established in Malang on March 29,
other mass-organizations, the tussle of political channels that differed from 1998. Along with other student elements, Political Movement and
Islamic propagation on campuses had those of their parents. Second, religious KAMMI demanded Soeharto to resign Democratic Consolidation
turned them away from existing Islamic education in public universities tended as president. After Soeharto’s fall, the Marcus Mietzner has analysed the post-
64
organizations. The reason was that to introduce universal Islam and tried educational movement, backed by FSLDK Soeharto conditions in Indonesia and
public campuses in the New Order era to avoid contravening issues that often and KAMMI transformed into a political how Muslims played a role in creating
had deliberately been kept away from caused conflicts among the adherents of party called the Justice Party (Partai the democratic consolidation in the
the influences of youth organizations either traditionalists or modernists Islam. Keadilan, PK). On July 28, 1998, the PK country. He divided the reform era into
affiliated with Islamic political parties Third, international influences affected was officially declared in the Al-Azhar two periods: democratic transition (1998-
and mass-organizations. Through the the spirit of revolution and the Islamic Mosque in Jakarta and Nurmahmudi Ismail 2004) and democratic consolidation
policy of the normalization of campus life, awakening attracted the young Muslim was elected president. (2004-present). This is not an ideal
the regime restricted the organizational generation who had been disappointed The PK participated in the 1999 election description to understand the actual
activities ofthe students of many major with the co-opted Muslim organizations but because it was a newcomer in condition inIndonesian politics, but the
universities. Syafi’i Anwar referred and their leaders. The Tarbiyah group politics it got only 1.4% of the votes. In analysis may help to look at the role of
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to these Muslim groups that had no that became the PKS basis drew 2000, Nurmahmudi was replaced by Islam in both periods.
emotional and ideological ties as neo- inspiration from figures of the Muslim Hidayat Nur Wahid. On April 20, 2003,
santris. These religious groups were Brotherhood in Egypt and they adopted under the leadership of Al-Muzammil First. The era of democratic transition
represented by a generation of Muslims Hassan al-Banna’s political thought Yusuf the PKS was founded in an (1998-2004) began on May 21, 1998
whose political ideology was Islam- as the basis of their Islamic political effort to anticipate the situation that the when Soeharto officially resigned as
oriented, but they had lost confidence thinking. PK could not participate in the 2004 president and B.J. Habibie, the vice
in both existing Islamic political parties 62. Kuntowijoyo. Muslim Tanpa Masjid (Bandung: elections as it did not meet the electoral president and chairman of ICMI, became
and the younger generation of Muslims Mizan, 2001), p. 133. threshold. In July 2003, the PK formally 64. Marcus Mietzner. Military Politics, Islam, and
who preferred socialist and secularist 63. Yon Machmudi. Islamising Indonesia: the Rise of merged with the PKS and Hidayat Nur the State in Indonesia: from Turbulent Transition
Jemaah Tarbiyah and the Prosperous Justice Party to Democratic Consolidation (Singapore: ESEAS,
61. Syafii Anwar. Pemikiran...,pp. 128-133. (PKS), (Canberra: ANU Epress, 2008), pp.23-30. Wahid became the party’s president. 2009), pp. 195-329.
Indonesian Islamic Culture in Historical Perspectives 399