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234 Environmental Science and Technology | Progress Report

and nuclear and non-nuclear materials have acterization of biological materials, such as
been analyzed. The P&D activities have been rabbit urinary stone, lung tissues and saliva
supported by CNPq, FINEP and IAEA research from Amblyomma Cajannense specie, has
financial organisms. The main projects, carried been outlined for clinical studies. Electrolytic
out and ongoing, are listed below. elements, such as Ca, Cl, K, Mg, Na, S, Fe and
Zn are important for athletes submitted to
Environmental area Environmental diagnostic: constant and hard physical efforts, because
Metal pollution: Brazil stands out in success- their health and physical performance depend
ful biofuel technology in the automotive full on the variation and concentration of these
flex type. Currently, full flex type cars, (83% electrolytic elements. The analytical method-
of demand), amount to about 3 mi vehicles. ology for the determination of the electrolytic
The determination of wear metals in used elements, in whole blood samples, has been
lubricating oils is an important factor for established by EDXRF (Energy dispersive X-ray
preventative maintenance and motor engi- Fluorescence Spectrometry) for the long dis-
neering performance, in the automobile area, tance runner; and the results will be compared
and for the concern about public health and with NAA (Neutron Activation Analysis) data.
environmental pollution. Wear metals have
been determined in the used lubricating oils Nuclear area Nuclear fuel: The chemical char-
collected from biofuel vehicles, full flex type, acterization of the nuclear fuel U Si used in
3 2
to evaluate environmental impact in metal the IEA-R1 reactor has been performed by
release. The project has been performed with WDXRF spectrometry. U and Si content plus
GM (General Motors) cooperation. Wood pres- impurities, such as B, Mg, Al, total Ca, V, Cr,
3
ervation: Brazil produces around 1,2 mi m Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd, Sn and Pb have
of treated wood to meet the annual demand been determined using the Multivariate Cali-
of railways, electric, rural and construction bration method. Nuclear related materials: In
sectors. The treated wood should be according the fabrication of nuclear reactor core parts,
to Brazilian norms; the majority of the wood Zircaloys machining scrapes are generated.
preservative product used in Brazil is CCA Two metallurgical processes (VAR furnace
(chromated copper arsenate). The analytical and powder metallurgy) were applied to the
methodologies using the EDXRF (Energy dis- evaluation of the scrap recycling process, at
persive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry) and the CCTM (Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia de
PXRF (Portable X-ray Fluorescence Spectrom- Materiais, IPEN). The characterization of the
etry) have been performed to Cu, Cr and As major constituents (Cr, Fe, Sn and Hf) and
determination, in treated eucalyptus (Eucalip- impurities, such as Al, Ca, Cu, Mg, Ni, Mn, Nb,
tus ssp) woods. The results will be compared Pb, Si, Ti, V and W, was determined by EDXRF
with FAAS and NAA data. This study has been spectrometry. Sulphur withdrawal degree in
carried out in a joint work with IPT (Instituto different organic solvents has been performed
de Pesquisas Tecnológicas, SP). Clinical and by EDXRF spectrometry. Eye makeup, known
biological area Elements such as Na, Mg, P, as eye shadow is an old and recurring custom
Cl, S, K Ca and Fe in the whole blood of mdx and form in various cultures for body orna-
humans (healthy population) and laboratory mentation and one of the earliest reports of
animals (Dmd /J mice, Crioula breed horse, the use of makeup dates from ancient Egypt.
golden hamster) were analyzed for reference In Brazil, the use of cosmetics is common in
interval values determination. Chemical char- several age groups, and commercially easy to

Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares