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JѨÊyO`«Å∞
~°K«# : N ^èÕ#∞=ÙH˘O_» Ñ≤K«ÛÜ«∞º Hõq
~°K«<å HÍÅO : 1850 – 1930 ¿ãHõ~°} : Z"≥∞‡™êû~ü =¸iÎ
1. N ~åѶ¨∞=ÙÅ∞ ÃÑO_ô¡ KÕã¨∞‰õΩx "≥_»b 5. Ѩ\˜ì Ti‡à◊ Hõ~°=Ú áêÅ#∞=ÚOp
`«=Ú‡Å∞ `å#∂ nè~°`Õ~°∞Å <≥H˜¯ nè~°∞_® ÅHõΔ‡}∞#HõѨ٠_»Ñ¨ÊyOp
ÉèËi =∞^≥ÌÅ ã¨<åfl~Ú "Õ∞à◊=Ú Ñ¨@∞ìH˘x ™œYº=ÚÅ`À
|∂~°QÆÅ∞ `«"≥∞‡@Å∞ „"≥∂Ü«∞QÆ <åѨ\˜ì Ti‡à◊ ^Õqx<£ KÕ
^Œ~°QÆ `å™ê =∞~°∞Ѩ „"≥∂`«Å Ѩ\˜ì ѨÅ∞‰õΩ=Ú ÉèÏ~°g∞^Œx
"å~° =x`«Å∞ <å@º=∂_»QÆ II N II II N II
ã¨Ê+¨ì=ÚQÆ <˘Ñ≤ÊOK≥ ~åA
2. JѨÙÊ_»∂ [#‰õΩÅ∞ JÅ∞¡O_»¡#∞ aÅp
6. Éèí~°`« Hõ~°=Ú# Ѩ_»u K≥Ü«∂ºxOp
JѨÊyO`«Å∞ ¿ãÜ«∞=Öˇ#x `«ÅOp
Éèíi~ÚOѨ =∂Åu ÉèÏ~°g∞^Œx K≥Ñ‘Ê
Q˘Ñ¨Ê |OQÆ~°∞ Ñ‘~î°=ÚÅÃÑ·
Hõi`«∞~°QÆ Éèí@ ã¨=¸Ç¨Ï"≥∞O`À
XѨÙÊQÍ xÜ«∞q∞Oz "å~°Å
Ѩi[#O|∞Å xzÛ ã‘`«‰õΩ – ã¨∞O
JѨÙÊ_»~°}=Ú XѨÙÊH˘<≥#∂
^Œ~°^Œ#‰õΩ ^•ã≤ [#=ÚÅ
XѨÙÊg∞~°QÆ [#Hõ~å[ II N II
J~°}q∞K≥Û#∞ [#Hõ~åA II N II
3. Ѩã≤_ç Ñ¨à‹§=ÚÅ <≥~Úº áêÅ#∞ É’ã≤
7. â◊$`«H©iÎÜ«∞#∞ =Ú^Œ∞Ì ã¨∞`«#∞ ~°Ñ≤ÊOz
~°OQÆ∞QÆ N ~°Ñ¶¨ÚѨÙOQÆ=ÙÅ#∞
Ju "ÕQÆ=ÚQÆ â◊`«$Ѷ¨∞fl# HõѨÊyOz
á⁄QÆ∞_»∞K«∞#∞ [Ü«∞=∞OQÆà◊Oa
ã¨`«`«=ÚQÆ Ç≤Ï`«=ÙQÆ=∞‡x
JOQÆ<å=∞}∞ÖˇÅ¡ <å_»QÆ
Ju "≥∂^Œ=Ú# ##∞K«∞ „¿Ñ=∞`À
=∞OQÆàÏOQÆ∞_»∞ P`«‡ #∞`«Å#∞
Juâ◊Ü«∞O|∞QÆ #u= <ÕÅ∞=Ú
K≥OQÆ\˜H˜ ~°Ñ≤ÊOK≥#ѨÙ_»∞ II N II
ã¨uѨ`«∞Å∞ JO^Œ~°∞ ã¨O„Éèí=∞O^Œ II N II
4. ã‘`« KÕux QÀ H©Δ~°=∞O^Œ∞# =ÚOp
8. =ÚiÜ«ÚK«∞#∞ [#‰õΩ_»∞ =Ú^Œ∞Ìa_»¤Å
„Ñ‘uQÆ N~å=Ú Hõ~°=Ú# #∞Op
^èŒ~°}˜HÍO`«∞_»∞ ÉÏ= ^Œâ◊~°^äŒ∞#‰õΩ K≥Ñ≤Ê
Éèí∂`«ÖËâ◊fi~° D <åuÉèÏ~°=Ú
h^≥Ü«∞x xHõ=ÚO^Œ∞ =ÚO^Œ@ J~°Ü«∞ ^èŒ~°}˜x ã≤iÜ«Ú ã¨OѨ^Œ – H©
„Ñ‘u`À_»∞`« [#HÍ~åÜ«Ú_»∞ `«~°∞}∞ÅO^Œi |~°QÆ *Ëã≤u
`«# ‰õÄ`«∞iH˜ J~°}q∞K≥Û#∞ II N II Ju ǨÏ~°¬=Ú# ^ŒÜ«∞E_»∞=∞#QÍ II N II
❊ N âß~°fii <å=∞ LQÍk ã¨OzHõ - 2020 ❊ 63
