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The Road ahead foR The higheR educaTion SecToR in VieTnam
The Road ahead foR The higheR educaTion

SecToR in VieTnam

Le Thi Kim Anha
Hanoi National University of Education
Martin Hayden
Southern Cross University

Abstract: Vietnam’s higher education sector, which has expanded dramatically over the
past 20 years, has now reached a point where it is ready to become more research-oriented
and better networked internationally. There are, however, aspects of the sector that remain
desperately in need of further reform. This paper provides a contemporary review of the
state of the higher education sector in Vietnam. It is written from the perspective of the
sector’s need to become more research-focused and more internationally engaged. The paper
identifies specific challenges for the sector. It also presents a glimpse of what the future of
the sector might entail.

Keywords: Vietnam, higher education, universities, academic culture, academic identity,
policy challenges

Introduction
Vietnam has been the site of a remarkable economic transformation over the past 30 years. Sustained
high rates of economic growth, together with a firm national resolve to eliminate poverty, have
enabled the economy not only to achieve ‘lower middle income’ status on the World Bank’s global
classification of national economies, but also to reduce its poverty rate from almost 60% in the
mid-1980s to less than 14% currently (World Bank, 2013; 2017). With continuing strong economic
growth, and with a continuing determination to eliminate poverty, Vietnam will almost certainly
attain ‘high income’ status on the World Bank’s classification system by 2035 (World Bank, 2016).
Over this period, the higher education sector in Vietnam has also made extraordinary progress.
The size of the sector has been increasing at a dramatic pace since at least the early 1990s. The gross
enrolment rate in tertiary education (mainly comprised of higher education), which was very small in
the early 1990s, and which in 1999 was only 10.59%, reached 28.84% in 2013 (UNESCO, 2017). There
are now more than 2.2 million higher education students in Vietnam, and there are as many as 442
universities and colleges (Ministry of Education and Training (MOET), 2016). Improvements in the
quality of the sector are evident. An intensive building program since the early 2000s has resulted in
significant improvements in the quality of higher education infrastructure. Research productivity is
now also showing strong improvement, especially in the natural and applied sciences. And there has
been a marked improvement over recent years in the qualifications profile of members of academic
staff. However, many challenges remain. Vietnam aspires to have a more research-oriented higher
education sector; but to achieve this goal there will need to be an intensification of the pace of reform.
Our purpose in this paper is to identify those aspects of the higher education sector where
more rapid progress is urgently required. The paper begins with a brief review of the sector’s
history. Aspects of the sector that are delaying its development are then identified and discussed.
These include: governance, funding, research and research training, academic standards, graduate

a Correspondence can be directed to: anhltk62@gmail.com

Journal of International and Comparative Education, 2017, Volume 6, Issue 2 77
ISSN 2232-1802 doi: 10.14425/jice.2017.6.2.77