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Network forensic analysis (continued)

Identifying network outsiders (continued)

• IP address tracing can be defeated by proxy

servers or virtual private networks (VPNs) that

adhere to the following:

– Pass all data through third-party servers so that IP address will be
traced to the third-party proxy or VPN server; many proxy servers don’t
maintain logs or are in practically-out-of-reach foreign countries

– Readily accessible on the internet

– Used by sophisticated hackers, cyberthieves, and terrorists, but are
readily available to anyone with few technology skills

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