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Causes of Errors











         Improper                                                                     Nondeterminate

             synchronization                                                               program operation

              a program must wait until the                                                program execution is
                  data are available in a buffer                                                interleaved by the processor

              improper design of the                                                           when memory is shared

                  signaling mechanism can                                                   the order in which programs
                                                                                                are scheduled may affect their
                  result in loss or duplication                                                 outcome



                                                                                         Deadlocks
         Failed mutual exclusion

              more than one user or                                                         it is possible for two or more
                  program attempts to make                                                       programs to be hung up
                  use of a shared resource at                                                    waiting for each other
                  the same time

              only one routine at a time                                                    may depend on the chance
                  allowed to perform an                                                          timing of resource allocation
                  update against the file                                                        and release
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