Page 500 - PPL-engelsk 2025

Principles of flight

We are not only exposed to G-force during transition to a climb or a descent. We

also experience it when banking.

A turn with a bank of, for
o
example, 60 will produce
a force of 2 G. while a bank

o
of 80 will produce a force
of 6 G.

We can see that a bank of
o
90 will not be possible.

5.8.2.1 Limit load factor and ultimate load factor

There are two load factors:

- Limit load factor

- Ultimate load factor

The aircraft manual contains values for the limit and ultimate load factor. The
values are given at full weight and at reduced weight.

Aircraft in the normal category are designed to be able to withstand certain
loads (G-forces). If these are exceeded, the aircraft can be damaged.

The values on the next page indicate the limit load factor – the maximum

permissible impact on the aircraft.

Aircraft Category minimum strength requirement

Normal Category: +3,8 G to -1,52 G

Working Category +4,4 G to -1,76 G

Aerobatic: +6,0 G to -3,0 G

Flight Theory PPL(A)(UL)/LAPL Henning Andersen, Midtjysk Flyveskole© 2025 500