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Fighting Against the Injustice of the State and Globalization
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4. See for example, S. M. Lyman, “The Race Question and Liberalism: Casuistries in
American Constitutional Law,” The International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society,
vol. 5, no. 2 (1991), p. 233.
5. Ibid.
6. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma (New York: Harper & Row, 1944), p. 1016.
7. See W. R. Edwards, “Mediated Inequality: The Role of Governmental, Business, and
Scientific Elites in Public Education,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Tennessee at
Knoxville, 1998, pp. 97–98.
8. M. L. Dudziak,“Desegregation as a Cold War Imperative,” The Stanford Law Review, 41
(1988), p. 111.
9. W. R. Edwards, op. cit., p. 100.
10. M. L. Dudziak, op. cit., p. 62.
11. G. Horne, Black and Red:W.E.B. Du Bois and the Afro-American Response to the Cold War,
1944–1963 (New York: State University of New York Press, 1986), p. 227.
12. W. R. Edwards, op. cit., p. 101.
13. Ibid., p. 108.
14. According to Winant,“The overt domination of the Jim Crow era thus gave way to the
racial hegemony of the post-civil rights period, as the state both adopted and demon-
strated the limits of the movement.” Howard Winant, Racial Conditions: Politics,Theory,
Comparisons (Minneapolis:The University of Minnesota Press, 1994), p. 126.
15. M. Marable, op. cit., p. 21.
16. Ibid., p. 87.
18. Ibid., p. 81.
19. D. Schwartzman, Black Unemployment: Part of Unskilled Unemployment (Westport, Conn.:
Greenwood Press, 1997), p. 2.
20. See the Sentencing Project, New Justice Department Figures Mark a Quarter Century of
Prison Building, www.sproject.com. 1998; see also Andrew Austin, “The Era of Reac-
tion:Class,Racial Caste,and the Structure of Crime and Punishment in the Post WWII
Era,” unpublished manuscript, the University of Tennessee, Department of Sociology,
August 13, 1999.
21. N. Chomsky, Year 501:The Conquest Continues (Boston: South End Press, 1993), p. 275.
22. R. J. Herinstein and C. Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in Ameri-
can Life (New York:The Free Press, 1994).
23. R. Allen, Reluctant Reformers: Racism and Social Reform Movements in the United States
(Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1983), p. 327.
24. See C. Murray, Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980 (New York: Basic
Books, 1984);T. Sowell, Civil Rights: Rhetoric or Reality? (New York:William Morrow,
1984);S.Steele,The Content of Our Character:A New Vision of Race in America (New York:
Harper Collins, 1990); J. G. Conti and B. Stetson, Challenging the Civil Rights Establish-
ment: Profiles of a New Black Vanguard (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1993).
25. T. Sowell, Civil Rights.
26. S. Steele, Content of Our Character, p. 66.
27. Ibid.
28. M. K.Asante, Afrocentricity (Trenton, N.J.:The African World Press, 1989), p. 91.
29. Ibid.
30. M. Marable, op. cit., p. 108.
31. Ibid., p. 101.
32. Ibid., p. 102.
33. Ibid., p. 116.
34. I.Wallerstein, Historical Capitalism (London:Verso, 1983), p. 83.
35. Ngugi Wa Thiong’o, Moving the Centre:The Struggle for Cultural Freedoms (London: James
Currey, 1993), p. 9.