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Ducks, Geese, and Swans 103

Feather development varies by species and even between broods. Young waterfowl that have
undergone physiological stress from starvation, injury, or even captivity itself in very sensitive spe-
cies, may have delayed development and need more time in a dry brooder. As a rule, young water-
fowl should be maintained in a confined area with the option of a heat lamp until fully feathered.
Due to the wide range of problems that may affect development with birds in rehabilitation, the
rehabilitator will be the best judge of when it is safe to move young from an indoor brooder to an
outdoor pen. Weather, including rain or other inclement conditions, will be a factor.

Outside Pens
Intermediate pens housing juvenile birds should have both indoor and outdoor access. The inside
area should be protected from the elements and have a heat lamp, food, and water available. The
size of these areas depends on how many young are in care. An outdoor grassy area 20 × 20 × 6 ft.
(6 × 6 × 1.8 m) will accommodate eight juvenile ducks. Overcrowding waterfowl can cause stress
and disease. Pens made to raptor specifications work well because the young have access to natural
sun and rain and protection from predators (Gibson 1996). A solid visual barrier 2–5 ft. (60–152 cm)
high from the ground, depending on species, lowers stress and injury due to contact with fencing.
Water is a common requirement for waterfowl (Figure 5.7). All need access to some form of pond
or swimming pool prior to release to the wild. Swimming will ensure that feathers are waterproofed,
as well as providing needed exercise and experience. A children’s swimming pool works well for a
small number of birds. Use a ramp to assist chicks in and out of the water. Larger ponds should be
used for larger species or large numbers of ducklings. Waterfowl are messy eaters and defecate

Figure 5.7 Foster parent Canada Geese rear normal well-adjusted geese without imprinting to humans.
The water in outdoor enclosures must remain clean with easy access for birds to safely get in and out.
Smaller species or younger chicks may need a ramp to enter this pool.