Page 277 - Equine Clinical Medicine, Surgery and Reproduction, 2nd Edition

252 CHAPTER 1

VetBooks.ir 1.474 1.475

T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17

c
a b
A

Fig. 1.474 Mid-thoracic vertebrae (T10–T14) from Fig. 1.475 Mid-thoracic vertebrae (T13–T17) from
a normal mature horse. Note the narrow spaces a clinically normal mature horse. Note the narrow
between the tips of the processes, which point spaces between the tips of the processes, which point
cranially. A = vertebral body of T11; a = caudal costal cranially, and the mild osteoarthritic changes in the
facet; b = cranial costal facet; c = mamillary process; facet joints. Arrows = dorsal intervertebral (facet)
arrows = dorsal intervertebral joint space. joint space.

1.476 1.477
SSL

L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6

ISL

Fig. 1.476 Lumbar vertebrae (L1–L6) from a
normal mature horse. Note the larger horizontally Fig. 1.477 Sagittal plane section of the thoracic
orientated dorsal intervertebral (facet) joint spaces spine of a young pony with spinal cord removed.
(black arrows). SSL = supraspinous ligament; ISL = interspinous
ligament. Note the vertebral body epiphyses remain
open and visible (arrows).

ligaments functionally link the DSPs of the verte- flexion and extension in the sagittal plane during
bra. The dorsal and ventral longitudinal ligaments locomotion. The range of motion increases, moving
run along the inside of the floor and the outside, caudally through the thoracolumbar area, occurring
of the vertebral column, respectively, functionally maximally in the caudal lumbar area. As a result, the
opposing the supra- and interspinous ligaments supraspinous ligament usually appears well to the
(Fig. 1.477). The ligamentum flavum links adjacent left or right of midline in the caudal lumbar area on
vertebral body laminae. All the vertebrae undergo ultrasound scan (Fig. 1.478).