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Treatment with systemic corticosteroids is com-
resistant to ivermectin. J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:
monly attempted to limit inflammation and prevent
further fibrosis. In cases of EMPF, when EHV-2 482–485.
and EHV-5 are identified, treatment with antivi- Hinchcliff KW, Couetil LL, Knight PK et al. (2015)
ral agents has also been attempted (i/v acyclovir or Exercise induced pulmonary hemorrhage in horses:
American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine
valcyclovir).
consensus statement. J Vet Intern Med 29:743–758.
Nogradi N, Couetil LL, Messick J, Stochelski
Prognosis MA, Burgess JR (2015) Omega-3 fatty acid
As horses commonly remain undiagnosed until the supplementation provides an additional benefit to
disease is advanced, the prognosis is guarded to poor. a low-dust diet in the management of horses with
Recovery has been reported in a few horses with chronic lower airway inflammatory disease. J Vet Intern
presumptive EMPF that were diagnosed and treated Med 29:299–306.
with corticosteroids and antiviral agents early in the Procop GW, Haddad S, Quinn J et al. (2004) Detection
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FURTHER READING 3333–3335.
Schwarz B, Klang A, Bezdekova B, Sárdi S, Kutasi
Couetil LL, Cardwell JM, Gerber V, Lavoie JP, O, Hoven R (2013) Equine multinodular pulmonary
Léguillette R, Richard EA (2016) Inflammatory fibrosis (EMPF): five case reports. Acta Vet Hung
Airway Disease of Horses – Revised Consensus 61:319–332.
Statement. J Vet Intern Med 30:503–515. Wilkins PA, Lascola KM (2015) Update on interstitial
Giguère S (2017) Treatment of infections caused by pneumonia. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract
Rhodococcus equi. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 31:137–157.
33:67–85.