Page 181 - BSAVA Guide to Pain Management in Small Animal Practice

BSAVA Guide to Pain Management in Small Animal Practice

VetBooks.ir Drug Notes* Dose Author
recommendations
range in
literature*
and guidance
Opioids
orphine • Relatively short acting mu receptor agonist .1 mg to .1 . mg kg i.m. 4h
• Infre uently used due to con icting early studies; mg could be used but other
even strain dependent di erences in the same kg opioid options may be
species are reported better
• here are reductions in AC with increasing doses
.1, 1 and mg kg and anecdotal reports of
analgesia at normal clinical doses but not well
evaluated
entanyl • Very short acting mu receptor agonist with a fast 1 Use at the doses in the
elimination making it more suitable as a CRI g kg min literature should be
• . mg kg s.c. was e ective but caused accompanied by careful
hyperexcitability monitoring of cardio
• CRI in red tailed hawks reduced AC without vascular parameters
signi cant cardiovascular e ects
Butorphanol • ixed agonist antagonist with low intrinsic activity at . 6 1 4 mg kg i.m. 4h
the mu receptor and strong agonist activity at the mg kg depending on pain
kappa receptor assessment
• ne of the most commonly used opioids in birds Use with care and at
despite the reported need for fre uent dosing lower end of the dose
• Not associated with dysphoria that is seen in range for birds of prey
mammals Can prolong recovery
• ose ranges in literature from . 6 mg kg more from anaesthesia
usually 1 4 mg kg used clinically in psittacines
• inimal e cacy in American kestrels
• re uency is empirical but studies suggest 4h
may be re uired
Bupre • Slow onset, long acting; thought to act as a partial .1 .6 . . mg kg i.m. 6h
norphine mu agonist but its kappa receptor activities are mg kg Use the lower end of
uncertain dose range for birds of
• issociation from binding sites is slow prey to avoid increased
• No e ect at .1 mg kg in African grey parrots sedation without
• Some e ect at . mg kg and more at . mg kg in additional analgesia
pigeons Some believe it has no
• E ective at .1 .6 mg kg in American kestrels for e ect and blocks other
up to 6 hours with sedation at the top end of the opioids
dosing range
• ore data in other species needed

Nalbuphine • Newer human kappa agonist and partial mu 1 . Refer to literature dose
antagonist mg kg
• E ective at 1 . mg kg i.m. for hours in ispaniolan
parrots

Analgesia drugs used in birds. Information referenced from awkins et al., 16. CRI continuous rate
3 infusion; AC mean anaesthetic concentration; NSAI non steroidal anti in ammatory drug;
P pharmacodynamic; P pharmacokinetic. continues

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