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618 Mammary Disorders, Non-Neoplastic

for young dogs (<7 months of age) with
normal jaw relationships and sufficiently wide
VetBooks.ir canines. The dog is stimulated to actively play
diastema between maxillary third incisors and
with a smooth-surfaced hard rubber ball for
at least 15 minutes three times daily.
Possible Complications
• Inappropriate extraction technique of decidu- *
ous teeth may cause trauma to developing
permanent teeth.
• Surgical crown reduction may lead to pulpitis
and pulp necrosis.
• Orthodontic treatment usually requires
several corrective procedures under general
anesthesia and may cause soft-tissue trauma
from the appliance, root resorption, displace-
ment of anchor tooth, overcorrection of
target tooth, avulsion of anchor or target MALOCCLUSION Clinical photograph of a cat with mesioversion of the right maxillary canine tooth (asterisk).
tooth, discomfort, and pain. There is no diastema between the right maxillary canine and third incisor, which the right mandibular canine
Recommended Monitoring tooth could occlude into when the mouth is closed (compare with normal left side). Mesioversion of the right
maxillary canine tooth resulted in mild labioversion of the right mandibular canine tooth and an open bite
• Teeth treated by surgical crown reduction (incomplete closure of the mouth). (Copyright Dr. Alexander M. Reiter, University of Pennsylvania.)
should be monitored radiographically after
4-6 months and then on a yearly basis.
• During orthodontic treatment, regular moni- • Skeletal malocclusion is considered inherited • Call patients in for occlusion control between
toring is necessary to assess tooth movement unless a developmental cause (e.g., extensive 5.5 and 7 months of age.
and to recognize possible complications at orofacial trauma) can be identified.
an early stage. • Inherited malocclusion should be corrected Client Education
by orthodontic movement only if the animal Neuter animals with skeletal malocclusion (if
PROGNOSIS & OUTCOME is neutered. not normal for the breed).
Prognosis is good after a functional bite has Prevention SUGGESTED READING
been accomplished. • Selective breeding American Veterinary Dental College: Recommen-
• Remove persistent deciduous teeth dations adopted by the AVDC Board (website).
PEARLS & CONSIDERATIONS https://www.avdc.org/Nomenclature/Nomen-Intro.
Technician Tips html.
Comments • Teach owners how to evaluate their pets’ AUTHOR: Leen Verhaert, DVM, DEVDC
• Dental malocclusion is not considered dentition twice weekly from the time of EDITOR: Alexander M. Reiter, DVM, Dr.med.vet,
inherited unless a familial predisposition permanent tooth eruption (3 months of age) DAVDC, DEVDC
exists (e.g., mesioverted maxillary canines with special attention given to the timely
in Shetland sheepdog). shedding of deciduous canine teeth.

Mammary Disorders, Non-Neoplastic

BASIC INFORMATION in prepartum or spayed bitches; older bitches • Mammary hyperplasia: cats of either sex
may be at greater risk. with recent gonadectomy, cats of either sex
Definition • Mammary hyperplasia: usually young, intact receiving exogenous progestogens
• Mastitis: inflammation of the mammary female cats or pregnant queens but can occur
gland, usually septic; blood-milk barrier in gonadectomized or intact cats of either sex CONTAGION AND ZOONOSIS
not intact Common bacterial pathogens of the mammary
• Mammary hyperplasia: aseptic nonin- GENETICS, BREED PREDISPOSITION gland are Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp,
flammatory enlargement of mammary Mastitis: short-legged dogs and dogs with Streptococcus spp, Pseudomonas spp, Klebsiella
glands pendulous mammary glands have greater risk spp, Pasteurella spp, and Clostridium spp.
of trauma. Secondary zoonotic potential exists with all
Epidemiology of these pathogens.
SPECIES, AGE, SEX RISK FACTORS
• Mastitis: most common in the postpartum • Mastitis: poor hygiene, trauma (environmen- GEOGRAPHY AND SEASONALITY
bitch, less so in the bitch with overt pseudo- tal or from nursing), infections from other Mammary hyperplasia may be more prevalent
cyesis or the postpartum queen, uncommon sites in the body during the spring, when queens begin to cycle;

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