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Panleukopenia, Feline 745

Recommended Monitoring Prevention Client Education
Close contact with the client is necessary Dogs should be provided an environment in Educate clients about protection, the role of
VetBooks.ir medications, repeat serum biochemistry 1-2 torment them. Humane dog training that uses for calming dogs. Diseases and Disorders
which no human or animal can entrap and
arousal, and behavior modification as a script
until issues have improved. For dogs receiving
only techniques designed to provide information
times per year.
replace punitive training. Inescapable tragedies
PROGNOSIS & OUTCOME about how the dog can get rewards should SUGGESTED READING
Burghardt WF: Preliminary evaluation of case series
and disasters are, by definition, unpreventable, of military working dogs affected with canine post-
• Guarded, depending on client needs and putting dogs (or humans) in war zones has traumatic stress disorder (N = 14). In Proceedings
• One-half of military working dogs with known, serious risks. ACVB/AVSAB veterinary behavior symposium,
C-PTSD return to service; one-half retire. Chicago, 2013, American College of Veterinary
Technician Tips Behaviorists/American Veterinary Society of Animal
PEARLS & CONSIDERATIONS Clients have difficulty understanding that PD Behavior, pp 5-9.
is driven by the dog’s perception. AUTHOR & EDITOR: Karen L. Overall, VMD, MA, PhD,
Comments DACVB
C-PTSD is usually recognized only when fully
developed. Treatment must be aggressive and
involve avoidance of triggers.

Panleukopenia, Feline

BASIC INFORMATION CONTAGION AND ZOONOSIS intention tremors, cerebellar ataxia, and
• Highly contagious to other cats; isolation wide-base stance noted after kittens start
Definition of infected cats required to walk (10-14 days old).
Highly contagious parvovirus infection of • Virus is shed in all body secretions (high ○ Less commonly, altered mentation and
cats typically causes severe, sometimes acute loads in feces) for several days. For some dullness (usually not noted until several
gastroenteritis with degeneration of intestinal cats, shedding may persist up to 6 weeks. weeks old) or seizures
villi and leukopenia. Although uncommon • Virus is extremely stable in environment
in pet cats due to effective vaccination (up to 1 year). Susceptible cats are infected PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS
protocols, it is a re-emerging problem in by exposure to infected feces, secretions, or • Classic enteritis: kittens infected with FPV
shelters. fomites. Virus can be transmitted in utero. ○ Fever or hypothermia in severe cases
○ Marked dehydration or hypovolemia
Synonyms GEOGRAPHY AND SEASONALITY ○ Vomiting, diarrhea
Feline parvovirus (FPV) infection, panleuk Worldwide ○ Thickened bowel loops, abdominal
discomfort
Epidemiology Clinical Presentation • Cerebellar form: mother was infected or
SPECIES, AGE, SEX DISEASE FORMS/SUBTYPES vaccinated when pregnant
• All Felidae susceptible: domestic cats, tigers, • Subclinical infection without illness (esti- ○ Cerebellar ataxia, hypermetria, intention
lions, cheetahs mated > 75% of infections) tremors, wide-base stance
○ Also affects raccoons, mink, foxes, and • Classic feline enteritis: kittens and susceptible ○ Optic nerve hypoplasia, dark foci/retinal
monkeys adults folding, streaking of retina
○ Can replicate in ferrets without causing • Silent abortion/fetal death: queens (first ○ Mental dullness, behavioral abnormalities
disease trimester)
• Clinical disease most recognized in (unvac- • Central nervous system (CNS) form: kittens Etiology and Pathophysiology
cinated) kittens > 6 weeks old but < 1 year infected in utero in second or third trimester • Single: standard non-enveloped DNA
old or up to 9 days postpartum virus affecting cats; isolates of canine
○ Vaccinated kittens 8-20 weeks old, when ○ Virus infects replicating neurons, especially parvovirus (CPV2a and CPV2b) can also
maternal antibodies wane but may still those in external granule cell layer of affect cats.
neutralize vaccine-induced antibodies developing cerebellum and postmitotic • Replicates in rapidly dividing cells; clinical
• Kittens born to pregnant queens receiving Purkinje cells. signs reflect destruction of these cells
modified live virus vaccine or infected ○ Neurologic signs are primarily cerebellar ○ Lymphoid tissue: lymphopenia, lymph
during pregnancy are at risk for cerebellar and nonprogressive after birth; affected node necrosis
hypoplasia. Because hypoplasia is permanent, kittens can still make good pets. ○ Bone marrow: panleukopenia; occasionally,
cats of any age can be recognized as having other short-lived cell lines (thrombocytes)
persistent static cerebellar signs. HISTORY, CHIEF COMPLAINT ○ Intestinal mucosal crypt cells: damage
• Classic enteritis, acute onset: vomiting, results in malabsorption diarrhea,
RISK FACTORS diarrhea, anorexia increased permeability, increased risk of
Dense feral or shelter populations; inappropriate • Fading kitten syndrome: weakness/lethargy, bacterial translocation.
vaccination; immunosuppression (e.g., gluco- failure to thrive, or sudden death ○ Nervous system: cerebellar hypoplasia,
corticoids, neoplasia, chronic kidney disease) • Cerebellar hypoplasia in young kittens hydrocephalus, retinal dysplasia from
that suppresses antibody response (infection in utero or shortly after birth): destruction of neural tissue

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