Page 1497 - Cote clinical veterinary advisor dogs and cats 4th

760 Parvoviral Enteritis

the dam is likely to lick the placenta liquid • Basic asepsis and hygiene of neonates SUGGESTED READING
off the puppy. The placenta cannot be from • Normal neonatal responses that indicate Beccaglia M, et al: Determination of gestational
VetBooks.ir as cannibalism), and this approach works in • Normal maternal behavior cats: an update. Reprod Domest Anim 51(suppl
viability (e.g., rooting and suckling) versus
another litter, however (risks problems such
time and prediction of parturition in dogs and
signs of distress (e.g., vocalization)
dogs but not cats.
1):12-17, 2016.
Prevention • Neonatal resuscitation AUTHOR & EDITOR: Michelle A. Kutzler, DVM, PhD,
Prevention of pregnancy can be accomplished by Client Education DACT
medical contraception or surgical sterilization. For prepartum bitches, the client should
monitor the rectal temperature two to three
Technician Tips times daily beginning at 56 days after breed-
Technicians involved in whelping/queening ing. Rectal temperature decreases by 1°F-2°F
should be familiar with (0.5°C-1°C) about 8-12 hours before whelping.

Parvoviral Enteritis Client Education
Sheet

BASIC INFORMATION • Fomites facilitate CPV transmission; avoid • Variation in disease severity among dogs
contact with contaminated fur or inanimate is likely related to age, breed, presence or
Definition objects. absence of maternal antibodies, vaccination
Viral infection targets small intestinal germinal • CPV survives in the soil for up to 7 months. status, comorbidities, and regional differences
epithelial cells and bone marrow hematopoietic Sunlight or drying conditions shorten infec- in CPV genetic strain.
progenitor cells, resulting in hemorrhagic tivity, whereas cold weather may prolong it.
enteritis, leukopenia, sepsis, and cardiovascular • About 23% of healthy dogs shed CPV DNA HISTORY, CHIEF COMPLAINT
compromise. after routine modified live vaccination; DNA Clinical disease occurs 7-14 days after oronasal
may be detectable in feces using polymerase exposure to CPV-contaminated feces. Nonspe-
Epidemiology chain reaction (PCR) for up to 28 days. It is cific signs of illness (e.g., lethargy, hyporexia)
SPECIES, AGE, SEX unlikely these dogs pose an infectious threat occur during the peracute phase of disease.
• Dogs: greatest risk to unvaccinated puppies to other dogs. Vomiting, diarrhea, generalized weakness and
between 7 weeks and 12 months of age • No zoonotic risk depression occur shortly thereafter. Diarrhea
• Cats: discussed elsewhere (p. 745). ranges from mucoid to hemorrhagic and is large
GEOGRAPHY AND SEASONALITY in volume, frequent, and liquefied.
GENETICS, BREED PREDISPOSITION CPV is distributed worldwide; infections are
Breed-related risks were identified in Doberman more common during the warmer months. PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS
pinschers, German shepherds, rottweilers, and • Vomiting and diarrhea result in dehydra-
American pit bull terriers. Genetic predisposi- ASSOCIATED DISORDERS tion. Vital signs are consistent with systemic
tion may be related to variations in cytokine • Concurrent intestinal diseases include inflammation and include fever, tachycardia,
production. parasitism (e.g., coccidiosis, helminthiasis, and tachypnea. Severely decompensated
giardiasis), other viral enteritis (e.g., coro- dogs may present with bradycardia and
RISK FACTORS navirus, circovirus), and intestinal intus- hypothermia. Mucous membranes can be
• Inappropriate or absence of vaccination susception, which may occur subsequent injected due to sepsis-induced vasodilation
• Intestinal parasitism, immunosuppressive to gastrointestinal (GI) hypermotility. or pale due to hypovolemic shock and/or
conditions, poor husbandry, and recent • CPV-induced neutropenia and bacterial anemia.
stress contribute to overall disease severity. translocation predispose to bacterial sepsis. • Ongoing fluid losses lead to depletion of
Dogs receiving anthelmintic therapy are at • Systemic inflammation induces hypercoagu- intravascular volume and hypovolemia,
lower risk of contracting canine parvovirus lability, which may progress to disseminated detected by abnormal perfusion parameters
(CPV). intravascular coagulation. (e.g., tachycardia, prolonged capillary refill
• Exposure to other dogs, especially in dense • Myocarditis has been observed in neonatal time, weak or absent peripheral pulses,
housing situation (e.g., shelter environment) infection, often preceding GI signs and obtundation, low arterial blood pressure,
resulting in peracute death. and elevated blood lactate concentration).
CONTAGION AND ZOONOSIS • Due to severe enteritis, most dogs display
• Highly contagious due to viral shedding Clinical Presentation moderate to severe abdominal pain. Abdomi-
in feces and persistence of CPV in the DISEASE FORMS/SUBTYPES nal palpation elicits nausea, regurgitation,
environment. • The more virulent strain of CPV (type 2) and discomfort. Intestinal loops palpate
• Feces are infectious as early as 3-4 days involves three antigenic variants (2a, 2b, distended and fluid filled. Sometimes,
after CPV exposure; significant viral shed- and 2c). Vaccination with CPV2b provides intussuscepted bowel segment is palpable.
ding continues for approximately 10-14 protection against all type 2 variants. Rectal exam produces (often hemorrhagic)
days. • CPV2b and CPV2c predominate in naturally liquid feces.
○ Viral shedding may continue up to 4 occurring disease in North America; research
weeks after infection; infectivity for has not identified a difference in disease Etiology and Pathophysiology
other dogs during this extended time is severity or clinical outcome when comparing • After oronasal exposure and during the
not known. types 2b and 2c. incubation period, viral replication occurs

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