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782 Petroleum Distillates/Turpentine Toxicosis

Advanced or Confirmatory Testing • Platelet transfusion in the form of platelet determine whether they are expanding or
• Radiographs or ultrasound (thorax, abdomen) concentrate, fresh whole blood, or platelet- contracting or new lesions develop. Monitor
VetBooks.ir of hemorrhage (e.g., neoplastic abdominal life-threatening hemorrhage, such as bleeding for transfusion.
rich plasma is reserved for animals with
vital parameters and PCV/TP to assess need
as appropriate to assess the cause or effects
mass → DIC; pulmonary hemorrhage)
into the central nervous system or lungs.
• Infectious disease serology and/or polymerase
platelet count by only ≈10,000/mcL.
chain reaction (PCR): relevant infection ○ A dose of 1 mL/kg whole blood increases PROGNOSIS & OUTCOME
→ vasculitis and/or thrombocytopenia/ ○ Platelet-rich plasma is typically dosed at Depends on the existing disease/condition
thrombocytopathia (e.g., Rickettsia rickettsia, 1 unit/3 kg body weight.
leptospira titers) ○ Frozen platelet concentrate has the PEARLS & CONSIDERATIONS
• Flow cytometry for platelet-bound antibodies advantages of a longer shelf life and lower
if IMT suspected (rarely performed) volume; typical dose is 1 unit/10 kg of Comments
• Bone marrow aspirate ± core biopsy (p. 1068) body weight. • Perform platelet count/estimate quickly; if
to evaluate for causes of thrombocytopenia ○ Recently, freeze-dried, shelf-stable platelet thrombocytopenia is only mild to moderate,
• Buccal mucosal bleeding time (p. 1076): product has become available (StablePlate consider conditions that result in vasculitis
suspect von Willebrand or thrombocytopathy RX); 1 vial per 5 kg body weight. and/or thrombocytopathia.
• von Willebrand factor deficiency testing • Severe thrombocytopenia without evidence • Patients with secondary hemostatic disorders
(p. 1393) of DIC is often treated presumptively as may develop ecchymosis but should not
• DNA screening for inherited thrombocy- for IMT (p. 972) with glucocorticoids ± develop spontaneous petechiae.
topathia (Auburn University, https://www. doxycycline for potential rickettsial disease
vetmed.auburn.edu/academic-departments/ trigger. Prevention
dept-of-pathobiology/diagnostic-services/) • Hemorrhage may warrant other supportive Ectoparasite prevention; prepare for planned
• Platelet function evaluation (platelet measures (p. 433). surgery for animals with known congenital
function analyzer PFA-100, Sonoclot, coagulation disorders
thromboelastography) Chronic Treatment
See chapters on the specific disorder or disease Technician Tips
TREATMENT identified. • For patients with petechiae and/or ecchy-
moses, venipuncture should be performed
Treatment Overview Behavior/Exercise using a peripheral vein, and a pressure wrap
Treat for cause of clinical sign. Transfusion of Activity should be limited to reduce the risk of should be applied for 5-10 minutes after
red blood cells may be required for anemic trauma that may result in hemorrhage. Animals venipuncture.
animals, but platelet product transfusions are should be kept in low cages for the same reason. • Cystocentesis should NOT be performed in
short lived and rarely indicated. patients with petechiae and/or ecchymoses.
Drug Interactions
Acute General Treatment Drugs that result in platelet dysfunction (e.g., SUGGESTED READING
Treatment is aimed at the underlying cause aspirin, clopidogrel) should be avoided. Blois S: Petechiae and ecchymoses. In Ettinger SJ, et
(i.e., disorder of platelet number or function, al, editors: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine,
vasculitis, or other hemostatic defect) as well Recommended Monitoring ed 8, St. Louis, 2017, Elsevier.
as at providing supportive care. Monitor closely for worsening of petechiae and/ AUTHOR: Laura A. Nafe, DVM, MS, DACVIM
• Animals with clinical signs of anemia require or ecchymoses or other signs of hemorrhage EDITOR: Leah A. Cohn, DVM, PhD, DACVIM
transfusion of packed red blood cells or whole (feces, urine). It can be helpful to use permanent
blood (pp. 57 and 1169) marker to draw the edges of ecchymosis to

Petroleum Distillates/Turpentine Toxicosis

BASIC INFORMATION engine cleaners/degreasers, diesel fuel, heating GEOGRAPHY AND SEASONALITY
fuels, lamp and furniture oils, waxes, lubricat- Warmer months involve an increased use of
Definition ing oils, grease, paraffin wax, tar, asphalt HC-containing products outdoors (lighter fluid
Toxicosis can result from petroleum distillates, • Plant distillate examples include turpentine use for BBQ), with increased opportunities for
which are hydrogen- and carbon-containing and linseed oil. exposure.
chemicals (i.e., hydrocarbons [HCs]) originating Epidemiology Clinical Presentation
from the distillation of crude oil or petroleum.
Some compounds originate from the steam SPECIES, AGE, SEX HISTORY, CHIEF COMPLAINT
distillation of plants. Toxicosis is usually due • Dogs are more commonly exposed than • Evidence or suspicion of exposure to HC-
to accidental dermal or oral exposure to HC- cats. containing product (smell of product on
containing products. Signs can range from • Due to the grooming behavior of cats, topical breath or fur)
dermal irritation, to vomiting and aspiration, exposures quickly become oral exposures. • Onset of clinical signs is generally 1-3 hours
to severe central nervous system (CNS) effects. after exposure.
RISK FACTORS • Owner may notice hypersalivation, vomit-
Synonyms Free-roaming animals are at a higher risk for ing, retching, excessive licking motions, and
• HC-containing products include naphtha, accidental exposures (automobiles, garages, coughing.
gasoline, kerosene, paint thinners/strippers, workshops, sheds, construction).

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