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Transfusion Therapy and Collection Techniques for Blood Banking 1169

side-to-side movement, and to prevent • After the cervix is visualized, the catheter is into the lumen. This method is precise but
sitting or lying. The table is adjusted to a advanced, and the external os of the cervix invasive and should be performed only once
is probed. A gentle twisting motion can help
comfortable height for the inseminator.
VetBooks.ir • The rigid endoscope is placed at the vulvar • The catheter should be visualized as it is • Laparoscopic insemination also involves the
per estrous cycle.
the catheter penetrate the cervix.
lips and advanced, noting important ana-
direct injection of semen through the uterine
tomic landmarks.
placed as far as it can be advanced into the
natural insemination, with no significant dif-
○ The caudal vagina of the bitch has a advanced through the cervix. It should be wall. The technique has been compared to
steep incline as it extends caudally over uterine lumen, as long as no resistance is ferences when using freshly collected semen.
the pubic bone. felt. A distance of 2-5 cm is recommended This technique requires specialized equip-
○ The scope should be advanced with mild to ensure semen is deposited at least in the ment as used for laparoscopic procedures.
pressure against the dorsal surface of the cranial uterine body. • Norwegian intrauterine insemination cath-
caudal vagina to avoid the sensitive clitoris • After the catheter is in place, the semen is eters are rigid catheters that are 20-50 cm
and urethra. injected gradually. If backflow is observed long, with a tip diameter of 0.5-1 mm. The
○ In the cranial vagina, the vaginal folds through the cervix, the catheter should be catheters are advanced into the cervix blindly,
become longitudinal, and the prominent repositioned and the injection of semen with the operator relying only on transab-
dorsal vaginal fold or pseudocervix can be continued. The catheter should be flushed dominal palpation for correct placement. Procedures and Techniques
visualized. with an appropriate amount of air, extender, This procedure requires an extensive level
○ The cervix is located on the dorsal or prostatic fluid to ensure all of the semen of operator experience and risks traumatizing
vaginal wall at the cranial extent of the has entered the uterine lumen. the vagina and cervix, but it does eliminate
dorsal vaginal fold. It typically angles in • The catheter is withdrawn, and the rigid the need for expensive equipment.
caudoventral direction. The tissue of the endoscope then is retracted.
cervix will appear more fibrous and sharply SUGGESTED READING
creased than the surrounding vaginal Postprocedure Wilson MS: Transcervical insemination techniques
tissue. The cervix is often described as It has been recommended to elevate the hind- in the bitch. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract
having a rosette appearance. quarters for 10 minutes to facilitate movement 31(2):291-303, 2001.
○ The vaginal fornix extends cranial to the of the semen from the uterus into the uterine AUTHOR: Bronwyn Crane, DVM, MS, DACT
cervix and is a blind pocket. tubes. Alternatively, the table on which the dog EDITORS: Leah A. Cohn, DVM, PhD, DACVIM; Mark S.
○ Location within the vagina can also is standing may be adjusted so the hindquarters Thompson, DVM, DABVP
be determined by transabdominal are elevated by 30°.
palpation.
• It is often necessary to insufflate the vagina Alternatives and Their
to improve visualization as the scope is Relative Merits
advanced. The vulvar lips may need to be • Surgical insemination involves the direct
held shut to prevent air from escaping. injection of semen through the uterine wall

Transfusion Therapy and Collection Techniques for Blood Banking Bonus Material
Online

Difficulty Level: ♦♦ • Support oncotic pressure • Support oncotic pressure (same as fresh whole
○ Protein-losing disease (enteropathy, blood)
Synonyms nephropathy, massive skin wounds or • Pancreatitis (controversial) or colostrum
Blood transfusion, blood component burns, serosal inflammation) replacement
therapy • Fresh whole blood is not recommended • Must be separated and frozen within 6 hours
for treatment of thrombocytopenia unless of collection
Overview and Goal marked active hemorrhage and anemia Frozen plasma (plasma frozen > 6 hours after
Safely collect and administer blood products exist. collection or FFP stored > 1 year):
Stored whole blood: • Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity and
Indications • Same as for fresh whole blood except do not hemophilia B (factors II, VII, IX, and X
Fresh whole blood: use for VWD, liver disease, hemophilia A, preserved)
• Improve oxygen delivery and DIC; after 6 hours of storage, platelets, • Support oncotic pressure
○ Hemolysis factors V and VIII, and von Willebrand factor • Pancreatitis (controversial) or colostrum
○ Blood loss decrease. replacement
○ Nonregenerative anemia • Fresh blood is preferred over stored for Others:
○ Autologous blood patch pleurodesis animals with hepatic encephalopathy. • Platelet-rich plasma and platelet concentrate
(p. 797) Packed red blood cells (PRBCs): are rarely used in private practice (labor
• Provide clotting factors • Improve oxygen delivery intensive, 2- to 3-day storage times, special
○ Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity (p. 69) ○ When oncotic support and clotting factors storage conditions).
○ Liver failure are not required • Frozen platelet concentrate or freeze dried
○ von Willebrand disease (VWD) (p. 1043) ○ When volume overload is a concern (cardiac platelets are occasionally used for massive or
○ Disseminated intravascular coagulation disease, renal failure, chronic anemia) life-threatening hemorrhage associated with
(DIC) (p. 269) Fresh-frozen plasma (FFP): extreme thrombocytopenia.
○ Hemophilia A (p. 431) • Provide clotting factors (same as fresh whole
○ Other factor deficiencies blood)

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