Page 341 - Cote clinical veterinary advisor dogs and cats 4th

Campylobacter Enteritis 143.e3

• Pressure sores need at least twice-daily gentle infection. Other causes of localized pruritus, foot part cut off) can provide protection for
elbow or hock calluses.
disinfection and relief of pressure by frequent such as mast cell tumors or Sarcoptes infestation, • Pressure sore: frequently examine the
VetBooks.ir Stabilization of underlying disease is critical Prevention elbows, hocks, sternum, and hip bones (if Diseases and Disorders
should be ruled out.
body position changes (every 3-4 hours).
for resolution.
protuberant) of recumbent patients for hair
can be minimized with proper bedding,
PROGNOSIS & OUTCOME • Calluses are likely not preventable, but they loss, redness, clear or bloody exudation, or
crusting for early detection.
protective wraps, and application of softening
• Callus: good; lifelong provision of soft topical agents. SUGGESTED READING
surfaces and monitoring for callus pyoderma • Pressure sores can be prevented by proac- Miller W, et al: Muller and Kirk’s Small animal
is needed. Regular use of topical softening tive management of recumbent patients, dermatology, ed 7, St. Louis, 2013, Elsevier, pp
agents, disinfectant cleaning, and topical particularly those with short coats, low 673-677.
antiinflammatories can minimize recurrence body condition, and of large or giant breeds.
of callus pyoderma and furunculosis. Provide clean, dry, padded bedding and ADDITIONAL SUGGESTED
• Pressure sore: good for lower-grade lesions frequent body position changes. READING
if nursing care can be provided and the Hnilica K, et al: Small animal dermatology, a color
underlying disorder causing debilitation/ Technician Tips atlas and therapeutic guide, ed 4, St. Louis, 2017,
recumbency can be managed. • Callus: clients can soften their dog’s calluses Elsevier, pp 379-382.
using over-the-counter products for human
PEARLS & CONSIDERATIONS heel or elbow calluses. An e-collar or protec- AUTHOR: Elizabeth A. Layne, DVM, DACVD
EDITOR: Manon Paradis, DMV, MVSc, DACVD
tive wrap may be useful after application
Comments to prevent the dog licking off the product.
A callus that becomes pruritic should be Something as simple as a sock cuff (with the
examined for evidence of secondary bacterial

Campylobacter Enteritis Client Education
Sheet

BASIC INFORMATION ○ Other sources of infection to humans HISTORY, CHIEF COMPLAINT
include eating raw or undercooked meat, • Mild to severe acute watery to mucoid
Definition especially poultry. diarrhea with or without blood
Well-recognized diarrheal disease resulting from ○ Pet owners should be warned of zoonotic • Animals may have tenesmus, possibly vomit-
invasive and toxigenic effects of Campylobacter risks and minimize risks through good ing, or inappetence.
spp infection hygiene. • Chronic diarrhea that may be intermittent
• Cholecystitis has been reported in two dogs.
Epidemiology GEOGRAPHY AND SEASONALITY • Abortion and fetal resorption in the bitch
SPECIES, AGE, SEX Appears to be more common in the summer • Neurologic signs consistent with acute
• Most commonly occurs in young animals and fall months. In the United States, young polyradiculoneuritis
< 6-12 months old cats in the upper Midwest commonly carry
• Pathogen of dogs, cats, humans, and various Campylobacter upsaliensis. PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS
wild and domestic animals Usually normal. Acute cases may have fever
ASSOCIATED DISORDERS and/or signs of dehydration.
RISK FACTORS May be associated with other gastrointestinal
• Young age infections or parasites Etiology and Pathophysiology
• Crowded conditions such as kennels, cat- • Parvovirus • Gram-negative, curved, motile, microaero-
teries, or animal shelters • Coronavirus philic bacterial rods that are a component
• Conditions with poor hygiene and sanitation • Giardiasis of the normal intestinal flora
• Immunocompetence/immunodeficiency of • Salmonellosis • Clinical disease depends on number of
individual patient organisms ingested as well as degree of
• Concomitant gastrointestinal infections Clinical Presentation development of protective antibody.
• History of antibiotic therapy DISEASE FORMS/SUBTYPES • Virulence factors, including cytotoxin produc-
• Most carriers of Campylobacter show no tion, allow the organism to invade epithelium.
CONTAGION AND ZOONOSIS clinical signs. • Enterotoxin results in secretory diarrhea,
• Contagious between humans and numerous • When it occurs, clinical disease usually affects reflecting disease localization to the jejunum,
animal species dogs and cats < 12 months old. ileum, cecum, and colon.
• Commonly spread between animals by fecal- • Catalase-positive species (C. jejuni, Cam-
oral route through contaminated food and pylobacter coli) may be more likely than DIAGNOSIS
water sources catalase-negative species to cause clinical
• Humans appear to be more susceptible than signs, but catalase-positive species are also Diagnostic Overview
dogs or cats to clinical disease. found in clinically normal animals. Diagnosis is suspected in young animals with
○ Dogs and cats, especially puppies or • C. jejuni may cause spontaneous abortion diarrhea and fecal cytologic findings that
kittens recently acquired from pet stores in dogs. identify slender, curved rods and leukocytes.
or kennels, are a major source of Cam- • Risk factor for development of acute poly- Confirmation, which is often undertaken given
pylobacter jejuni infection in people. radiculoneuritis in dogs (p. 810) the risk of contagion and/or zoonosis, requires

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