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Color Disorders of the Skin and Haircoat 195

Chronic Treatment products have equivalent bioavailability. signs. Prognosis for cure is poor because TC
• Medical management: most (71%-93%) dogs Consider switching bronchodilators if is irreversible and progressive, but prognosis
VetBooks.ir • Maintain ideal/lean body condition score develop toxicosis at doses that are well • Dogs with severe clinical signs (e.g., cyanosis, Diseases and Disorders
for survival is good.
no improvement. Certain animals may
respond well
(BCS, 4-5/9)
tolerated by others.
syncope) have a guarded prognosis that may
• Avoid environmental triggers (e.g., inhaled
irritants, excessive excitement, hot/humid • Tracheal stents: salvage procedure (failed improve with stent placement.
medical management or respiratory distress).
environments, neck leads [harnesses Consult with specialist in internal medicine, PEARLS & CONSIDERATIONS
preferred]) surgery, or interventional radiology.
• Antitussives: reduce clinical signs and tracheal ○ Surgical implantation of external prosthetic Comments
inflammation rings: generally limited to cervical trachea Hydrocodone cough suppressants can be dif-
○ Hydrocodone 0.22 mg/kg PO q 6-12h, ○ Intraluminal stents: cervical or thoracic ficult to obtain. Many are combined with other
or collapse, placed with endoscopic or fluo- medications (acetaminophen, guaifenesin, and
○ Butorphanol 0.55-1 mg/kg PO q 8-12h roscopic guidance. Relieves obstruction to various antihistamines) that may not be safe
○ Alternatives: maropitant 2 mg/kg q 48h; airflow but not necessarily cough or routinely recommended. Controlled drug
Lomotil 0⋅2-0⋅5 mg/kg PO q 12h status limits refill options.
• Antiinflammatory prednisone (short course): Behavior/Exercise
decrease laryngeal/tracheal inflammation Weight loss with controlled exercise regimens Prevention
○ Prednisone 0.5-1 mg/kg PO q 24h tapered and dietary management improves clinical signs Do not be breed affected dogs.
and discontinued after 5-7 days in many dogs.
• Manage comorbid conditions (e.g., chronic Technician Tips
bronchitis [p. 136]) Possible Complications When performing radiographs to evaluate for
○ Consider empiric short course of antimi- • Acute upper airway obstruction and death TC, obtain inspiratory and expiratory films,
crobial appropriate for airway infection • Cough suppressants: sedation including the cervical and thoracic trachea.
(e.g., doxycycline 5 mg/kg PO q 12h for • Stents: stent migration, stent fracture, exuber-
7 days) ant granulation tissue, tracheitis, cough Client Education
• Bronchodilators: controversial; has not ○ Coughing increases risk of stent fracture; For most dogs, tracheal collapse is managed
been critically evaluated in dogs with TC. antitussives are frequently needed after with weight control, antitussives, and periodic
Consider as a trial in refractory patients stenting. administration of antiinflammatory drugs.
(withdraw if there is no improvement).
○ Beta-2 agonists: terbutaline (total amount Recommended Monitoring SUGGESTED READING
per dose): small dogs, 0.625-1.25 mg PO Clinical signs Tappin SW: Canine tracheal collapse. J Small Anim
q 12h; medium dogs, 1.25-2.5 mg PO q Pract 57:9-17, 2016.
12h; large dogs, 2.5-5 mg PO q 12h; or PROGNOSIS & OUTCOME
albuterol 0.05 mg/kg PO q 8h AUTHOR: Laura Ridge Cousins, DVM, MS, DACVIM
○ Methylxanthines. extended-release the- • Despite improvement with treatment, many EDITOR: Megan Grobman, DVM, MS, DACVIM
ophylline 10 mg/kg PO q 12h; not all dogs show some degree of persistent clinical

Color Disorders of the Skin and Haircoat

BASIC INFORMATION • Papillomavirus-associated plaques: pug, CONTAGION AND ZOONOSIS
miniature schnauzer, Shar-pei Hyperpigmentation: dermatophytosis and
Definition Hypopigmentation: Sarcoptes scabiei are zoonotic.
Very common spectrum of innate or acquired • Vitiligo: rottweiler, Belgian shepherd, Siamese
pigmentary abnormalities of the skin or hair cat, others GEOGRAPHY AND SEASONALITY
• Idiopathic acquired nasal hypopigmentation • Snow nose: decreased nasal pigmentation
Synonyms (“snow nose”): Labrador and golden retriev- during winter months
• Hyperpigmentation, melanoderma, melano- ers, Siberian husky • Recurrent flank alopecia: can be seasonal
trichia • Waardenburg-Klein syndrome: white cats, • Leishmaniasis: highly varied geographic
• Hypopigmentation, depigmentation, leuko- Dalmatian, bull terrier, others distribution
derma, leukotrichia, achromotrichia, poliosis • Premature graying: golden and Labrador
retrievers, Irish setter ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
Epidemiology • Dermatomyositis: Shetland sheepdog, collie • Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation or
SPECIES, AGE, SEX • Color dilution alopecia: blue or fawn Dober- hypopigmentation: many (see Differential
Although some conditions are present at birth man pinscher and many others Diagnosis below)
(e.g., albinism), most are acquired. • Canine cyclic hematopoiesis: collie (gray • Waardenburg-Klein syndrome: blue eyes,
collie syndrome, rare) deafness
GENETICS, BREED PREDISPOSITION • Chédiak-Higashi syndrome: Persian cat (rare) • Uveodermatologic syndrome: uveitis, blindness
Hyperpigmentation: • Dermatomyositis: myositis possible
• Recurrent flank alopecia: boxer, English RISK FACTORS • Chédiak-Higashi syndrome: immunologic
bulldog, Airedale terrier Various, including heredity deficiency

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