Page 342 - Small Animal Internal Medicine, 6th Edition

314 PART II Respiratory System Disorders

TABLE 20.4
VetBooks.ir Bronchoscopic Abnormalities and Their Clinical Correlations

ABNORMALITY
CLINICAL CORRELATION
Trachea
Hyperemia, loss of normal vascular pattern, excess Inflammation
mucus, exudate
Redundant tracheal membrane Usually associated with flattened rings
Flattened cartilage rings Tracheomalacia
Uniform narrowing Hypoplastic trachea
Strictures Prior trauma
Mass lesions Fractured rings, foreign body granuloma, neoplasia
Tears Usually caused by excessive endotracheal tube cuff pressure
Carina
Widened Hilar lymphadenopathy, extraluminal mass
Multiple raised nodules Oslerus osleri
Foreign body Foreign body

Bronchi
Hyperemia, excess mucus, exudate Inflammation
Collapse of airway during expiration Chronic inflammation, bronchomalacia
Collapse of airway, inspiration and expiration, Chronic inflammation, bronchomalacia
ability to pass scope through narrowed airway
Collapse of airway, inspiration and expiration, Extraluminal mass lesions (neoplasia, granuloma, abscess)
inability to pass scope through narrowed airway
Collapse of airway with “puckering” of mucosa Lung lobe torsion
Hemorrhage Neoplasia, fungal infection, heartworm, thromboembolic disease,
coagulopathy, trauma (including foreign body related)
Single mass lesion Neoplasia
Multiple polypoid masses Usually chronic bronchitis; at carina, Oslerus
Foreign body Foreign body

The femoral artery is commonly used (Fig. 20.28). The or blood that is difficult to draw into the syringe may be
animal is placed in lateral recumbency. The upper rear limb obtained from a vein. Mixed samples from both the artery
is abducted, and the rear limb resting on the table is restrained and the vein can be collected accidentally, particularly from
in a partially extended position. The femoral artery is pal­ the femoral site.
pated in the inguinal region, close to the abdominal wall, After removal of the needle, pressure is applied to the
using two fingers. The needle is advanced into the artery puncture site for 5 minutes to prevent hematoma formation.
between these fingers. The artery is thick­walled and loosely Pressure is applied even after unsuccessful attempts if there
attached to adjacent tissues; thus the needle must be sharp is any possibility that the artery was entered.
and positioned exactly on top of the artery. A short, jabbing All air bubbles are eliminated from the syringe. The
motion facilitates entry. needle is covered by a cork or rubber stopper, and the entire
The dorsal pedal artery is useful for arterial collection in syringe is placed in crushed ice unless the blood specimen
medium­size and large dogs. The position of the artery is is to be analyzed immediately. Specimens should be analyzed
illustrated in Fig. 20.29. as soon as possible after collection. Minimal alterations
Once the needle has penetrated the skin, suction is occur in specimens stored on ice during the few hours
applied. On entry of the needle into the artery, blood should required to transport the specimen to a human hospital if a
enter the syringe quickly, sometimes in pulses. Unless the blood gas analyzer is not available on site. Because of the
animal is severely compromised, the blood will be bright red availability of reasonably priced blood gas analyzers, point­
compared with the dark red of venous blood. Dark red blood of­care testing is now possible.