Page 366 - Small Animal Internal Medicine, 6th Edition

338 PART II Respiratory System Disorders

treatments. It cannot be administered to Collies or related
breeds. An alternative treatment is fenbendazole (50 mg/kg
VetBooks.ir q24h for 7-14 days).

Prognosis
The prognosis for dogs treated with ivermectin is good; the
drug appears to be successful in eliminating infection in
the limited number of dogs that have been treated. Follow-
up of individual patients is indicated to ensure successful
elimination.
Suggested Readings
Adamama-Moraitou KK, et al. Conservative management of canine
tracheal collapse with stanozolol: a double blinded, placebo
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Adamama-Moraitou KK, et al. Canine bronchomalacia: a clinico-
pathological study of 18 cases diagnosed by endoscopy. Vet J.
2012;191:261.
American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) Canine Vaccina-
FIG 21.9 tion Taskforce. AAHA canine vaccination guidelines. J Am Anim
Bronchoscopic view of multiple nodules at the carina of a
dog infected with Oslerus osleri. Hosp Assoc. 2011;47(1):2011.
Barnes PJ. Theophylline: new perspectives for an old drug. Am J
Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;167:813.
nodular inflammatory reaction with fibrosis. First-stage Becker WM, et al. Survival after surgery for tracheal collapse and
larvae are coughed up and swallowed. The main cause of the effect of intrathoracic collapse on survival. Vet Surg.
infection in dogs appears to be intimate contact with their 2012;4:501.
dam as puppies. Bylicki BJL, et al. Comparison of the radiographic and tracheo-
scopic appearance of the dorsal tracheal membrane in large and
Clinical Features small breed dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2015;56:602.
Castleman WL, et al. Canine H3N8 influenza virus infection in
Young affected dogs have an acute, loud, nonproductive dogs and mice. Vet Pathol. 2010;47:507.
cough and occasionally exhibit wheezing. The dogs appear Cocayne CG, et al. Subclinical airway inflammation despite high-
otherwise healthy, making the initial presentation indistin- dose oral corticosteroid therapy in cats with lower airway disease.
guishable from that of canine infectious respiratory disease J Feline Med Surg. 2011;13:558.
complex (CIRDC). However, the cough persists, and eventu- Cohn LA, et al. Effects of fluticasone propionate dosage in an
ally airway obstruction occurs as a result of the formation of experimental model of feline asthma. J Fel Med Surg. 2010;12:91.
reactive nodules. Crawford PC, et al. Transmission of equine influenza virus to dogs.
Science. 2005;310:482.
Diagnosis DeLorenzi D, et al. Bronchial abnormalities found in a consec-
Nodules at the carina occasionally can be recognized radio- utive series of 40 brachycephalic dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc.
2009;235:835.
graphically. Cytologic examination of tracheal wash fluid in Ellis JA, et al. Effect of vaccination on experimental infection
some dogs reveals the characteristic ova or larvae, providing with Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc.
the basis for a definitive diagnosis (see Table 20.1). Rarely, 2001;218:367.
larvae are found in fecal specimens with the use of zinc Ellis JA, et al. Comparative efficacy of intranasal and oral vaccines
sulfate (specific gravity [s.g.], 1.18) flotation (preferred) or against Bordetella bronchiseptica in dogs. Vet J. 2016;212:71.
the Baermann technique. Ellis JA. How well do vaccines for Bordetella bronchiseptica work
The most sensitive diagnostic method, bronchoscopy, in dogs? A critical review of the literature 1977-2014. Vet J.
enables the nodules to be readily seen (Fig. 21.9). Brushings 2015;204:5.
of the nodules are obtained and are immediately evaluated Foster S, Martin P. Lower respiratory tract infections in cats: reach-
cytologically for detection of the larvae. Material can be ing beyond empirical therapy. J Fel Med Surg. 2011;13:313.
examined directly in saline solution or stained with new Gore T. Intranasal kennel cough vaccine protecting dogs from
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Treatment antagonism as a novel treatment for chronic bronchitis in dogs.
J Vet Intern Med. 2016;30:847.
Treatment with ivermectin (400 µg/kg orally or subcutane- Hawkins EC, et al. Demographic and historical findings, including
ously) is recommended for appropriate breeds of dogs. The exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, in dogs with chronic
same dose is administered again every 3 weeks for four cough. J Vet Intern Med. 2010;24:825.