Page 454 - Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, 8th Edition

The Urinary System / 439

Respiratory alkalosis is a primary defi- include pneumonia, pulmonary fibrosis,
pulmonary edema, airway obstructions,
cit in carbon dioxide (hypocapnia is low
VetBooks.ir blood carbon dioxide). Causes include: (1) and breathing air that is high in carbon
exposure to high altitudes, where low
dioxide. The kidneys compensate for the
oxygen tension causes hyperventilation; primary respiratory problem by excreting a
(2) a high fever, which may produce hyper- more acid urine and secreting additional
ventilation; and (3) inflammation or dis- bicarbonate into the blood. Note in
eases of the brain, which stimulate the Figure 23‐13 that a bicarbonate ion is also
respiratory centers. The kidneys compen- produced when intercalated cells generate
sate for respiratory alkalosis by increasing a hydrogen ion for urine acidification, and
excretion of bicarbonate ions in the urine. that the bicarbonate ion can be secreted
Respiratory acidosis is a primary into the blood. Plasma levels of bicarbo-
excess of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia is nate may increase as the compensatory
elevated blood carbon dioxide). Causes response continues.