Page 545 - The Veterinary Laboratory and Field Manual 3rd Edition

482 Susan C. Cork

Table A1.1 continued

disease Agent Animals Mode of Clinical signs in Action/ prevention
involved transmission humans & notes
to humans
VIRUSES
Avian Influenza Orthomyxovirus Birds and pigs Aerosol/Oral-- Fever, flu-like Control influenza in
(AI) * (Highly pathogenic faecal. signs. Most poultry, avoid mixing
H5N1, H5 and cases mild. Some different bird and
H7 subtypes and emerging strains mammalian species
H9N2) have caused in markets. Vaccines
human deaths. are available but not
all cause good cross
protection. Humans
should be vaccinated
against human strains.
Contagious Orf virus, parapox Sheep/goats Direct contact Skin lesion, scabs Control secondary
ecthyma with infected on hands and face. infections, wash
animals. hands.
Cowpox Pox virus. This Cattle. Direct contact Skin lesions, Control secondary
virus is in the with infected especially on infections, wash
orthopoxvirus animals i.e. hands. hands In humans,
family and is when milking. cowpox resembles
closely related to mild smallpox (a
the vaccinia virus serious human
pathogen which is
now eradicated).
This was the basis
of the first smallpox
vaccines.
Japanese Flavivirus Natural cycle Mosquito bites. Mild malaise, Control mosquito
encephalitis in birds and can develop vectors. Wear
(JE)* mosquitoes. encephalitis. mosquito repellent,
Can be use mosquito nets.
amplified in Vaccine available for
pigs. humans. JE occurs
predominantly in Asia
in rural or agricultural
areas, often
associated with rice
farming.
Lymphocytic Arenavirus Rodents. Rodent bite. Meningitis, coma. Control rodents.
choriomeningtis
Nipah virus Paramyxovirus Present in Contact with Subclinical, mild Avoid contact with
some bat infected animals and severe forms bats, reduce contact
population. or through (may look like JE). between wild bats
Can be contaminated and livestock. Use
transmitted to food (e.g. PPE when handling
pigs and then palm juice sick pigs. Prevent bat
to humans. contaminated faeces contaminating
with bat food and water
faeces). supplies. Occurs
predominantly in Asia.

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