Page 607 - The Veterinary Laboratory and Field Manual 3rd Edition

544 Glossary

ventions or preventative measures available, the laboratory, that is, in facilities where anti-
that is, there may be a high individual risk but gen or vaccine are being prepared there will be
a low community risk. Work practices are as a higher risk of human exposure as compared
for BSL-2 but also include controlled access with that likely in a routine diagnostic facility.
and thorough decontamination of all waste. A useful summary of the definitions used by dif-
Additional safety equipment includes physi- ferent agencies can be found at https://my.absa.
cal containment devices for all manipulations org/Riskgroups and biosafety protocols are
of agents, and use of additional personal outlined in http://www.who.int/csr/resources/
protective equipment as needed. Facilities publications/biosafety/Biosafety7.pdf
are usually as for BSL-2 with added physical Biosecurity – The application of knowledge,
separation from access corridors, self-closing equipment and procedures to prevent the trans-
double door access, exhausted air not recircu- mission of infectious diseases, parasites and
lated and negative airflow into the laboratory. pests from one area of containment, or from a
Representative microorganisms include geographical region, to another. The procedures
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, West Nile virus and developed to mitigate the risk of hazard release,
Coxiella burnetii. exposure and subsequent consequences, should
• Biosafety Risk Group 4: This includes be based on a scientific risk assessment. Trade
agents that are likely to cause serious or standards developed under the mandate of the
lethal human disease and for which pre- OIE are designed to maintain biosecurity when
ventive or therapeutic interventions are not animals and animal products are traded between
available. This group poses both a high indi- countries.
vidual risk and high community risk. Work
practices and safety equipment include com- Climatic zones – There are various definitions
plete isolation of the laboratory worker from used to define climatic regions but typically, the
aerosolized infectious materials through main climatic zones are roughly demarcated by
working in a Class III biosafety cabinet or lines of latitude, into which the earth can be
in a full-body, air-supplied positive-pressure divided on the basis of climate. The latter has
personnel suit. BSL-4 facilities are generally a an impact on the species (arthropod vectors,
separate building or completely isolated zone vertebrate hosts, parasites and so on) that can
with complex, specialized ventilation require- successfully inhabit these geographical zones.
ments and waste management systems to The eight key zoogeographical zones include the
prevent release of viable agents to the envi- following Nearctic (North America), Neotropical
ronment. Representative microorganisms (South America), Western Palearctic (Europe),
include Ebola, Marburg and Congo-Crimean Afrotropical (Africa), Eastern Palearctic (North
haemorrhagic fever viruses. East Asia), Oriental (Southern Asia), Middle
Eastern (Middle East), Australasian (Asia –
Note that organisms placed in each risk group
can vary from country to country and from Pacific). For additional information see http://
one organization to another. There are a num- climate-zone.com/.
ber of reasons for the discrepancy but in most Community engagement – An approach or
cases it relates either to different assessments process by which community organizations and
of Biosecurity risk (that is, whether or not the individuals work alongside experts and expert
agent is already present in the country) and groups, government and non-governmental orga-
also due to different activities conducted in nizations (NGOs) for the purpose of applying a

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