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Antioxidant Dietary Fiber: An Approach to Develop Healthy 305
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Dietary Fiber

Fruits and Vegetables and Seed and
v {~
by-products by-products by-products Others

Grape by-products Brassica plants Cereals Burdock root
Apple by-products Asparagus Mexican chea seed Hibiscus
Mango peel Carrot peel Cocoa husk Seaweed
Citrus by-products Amaranth and
quinoa
A~ai palm
Cactus pear
Guava
Bael pulp residue
Pineapple shell
Date by-products

FIGURE 8.1 Sources of antioxidant dietary fiber.

8.5.1 FRUITS AND BY-PRODUCTS

8.5.1.1 GRAPE BY-PRODUCTS

Grape pomace is a by-product which constitutes ~20% of the harvested
grapes (Laufenberg et al., 2003). At present, only least amounts of these
wastes are upgraded or recycled. Investigation on grape pomace is limited,
but it is undoubtedly rich in polyphenols (Amico et al., 2004; Kammerer
et al., 2004). The major constituents of grape pomace peels and seeds, has
been reported by several authors, with high polyphenols such as anthocya-
nins, catechins, flavonoids, phenolic acids as well as DF contents (Bravo
& Saura-Calixto, 1998; Valiente et al., 1995; Larrauri et al., 1999; Mazza,
1995; Mazza & Miniati, 1993). The phenolic compounds in grape pomace
include catechins, namely monomeric and oligomeric flavan-3-ols (proan-
thocyanidins) and glycosylated flavonols. Catechins, together with other
polyphenols, are potent free radical-scavengers (Ruberto et al., 2007).