Page 120 - Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, 8th Edition

Joints / 105

Flexion is movement in the sagittal
permit significant movement. These may plane that decreases the angle between
exhibit one or more of the following move-
VetBooks.ir ments: gliding or sliding, flexion, extension, parts making up a joint. The carpus must
hyperextension, rotation, adduction, abduc-
be flexed when a horse’s front foot is picked
tion, and circumduction (Fig. 6‐4). up for trimming.
Gliding or sliding movement occurs Extension is the reverse of flexion and
between two more or less flat surfaces in is movement in the sagittal plane that
plane joints. increases the angle between segments

Elbow exed Sti e exed

Carpus exed

Hock exed

Fetlock exed

c
a
b

Abduction Adduction
Figure 6-4. Joint movements. In the top figure, the shaded limbs are shown flexed as during the swing
phase of gait. In the lower left figure, the wide range of movement in the fetlock joint is illustrated. a, the
normal physiological hyperextension of the fetlock during standing; b, the straight‐line extended position;
c, shows the flexed position of the joint.