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Figure 19-2. Median section of the caprine head with nasal septum removed. a frontal sinus; b, dorsal
nasal concha; c, ethmoidal conchae; d, ventral nasal concha; e, dorsal nasal meatus; f, middle nasal mea-
tus; g, ventral nasal meatus; h, nasal vestibule; i, mandible; j, oral cavity; k, hard palate; l, tongue; m, soft
palate; n, nasopharynx; o, tonsillar crypt; p, oropharynx; q, laryngeal vestibule; r, cerebrum; s, brainstem;
t, cerebellum; u, atlas; v, axis.

Dorsal meatus
Nasal cavity
Middle meatus Maxillary
sinus
Common meatus

Ventral meatus

Oral cavity

Figure 19-3. Transverse section through the equine muzzle. a, dorsal nasal concha; b, ventral nasal
concha; c, nasal septum; d, cheek tooth; e, tongue; f, mandible.

Paranasal Sinuses lation to the head, and also allow for large,
expanded regions of the skull (for muscle
Many of the cranial bones contain air‐filled attachment) without causing the skull to be
cavities, paranasal sinuses, which commu- too heavy. Although there are some species
nicate with the nasal cavity. These sinuses differences, all farm animals have maxil-
probably provide some protection and insu- lary, frontal, sphenoidal, and palatine