Page 734 - Withrow and MacEwen's Small Animal Clinical Oncology, 6th Edition

712 PART IV Specific Malignancies in the Small Animal Patient

TABLE 33.7 Prognostic Factors for Peripheral Nodal Lymphoma in Dogs
Modest Association
VetBooks.ir Factor Strong Requiring Further Comments References
Investigation
Association
Histopathology/Subclassification X High/intermediate-grade: unfa- 29,90,96,98–102,107–
vorable 113,116–119
Indolent/low-grade: favorable
Immunophenotype X T cell phenotype: unfavorable 68,69,112,113,116,277,365,
(except TZL) 379,391
Low MHC II expression: unfavor-
able
WHO clinical stage X Stage I/II: favorable 248,273,379,387
Stage V with significant bone
marrow involvement: unfavor-
able
WHO clinical substage X Substage b (clinically ill): unfavor- 68,112,116,235,379,387
able
Sex X Females/neutered females: 235,237
unfavorable
Genetic/gene expression analysis X Some signatures highly predictive 14,20,29,378,384,385
of outcome
Anatomic location X Leukemia, diffuse cutaneous See text for extra nodal sites
and alimentary, hepatosplenic
forms: unfavorable
Peripheral blood counts at
presentation
Anemia X Unfavorable 277,375,376,379,386,390
Neutrophilia X Unfavorable 376
Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio X Low: unfavorable 379
Thrombocytopenia X Unfavorable 375
Lymphocyte/monocyte ratio X Low: unfavorable 382
Molecular assessment of minimal X Likely to become more important 123,217,287–290,293,393,416
residual disease (e.g., PCR, when “curative” therapeutic
flow) approaches are developed and
instituted
Measures of proliferation X Contradictory reports exist 123,177,380,388,389
Steroid pretreatment X Prolonged steroid pretreatment: 276,278
unfavorable
Cranial mediastinal lymphade- X Present: unfavorable 122
nopathy
Chemotherapy-induced hemato- X Grade III or IV chemotherapy- 381,392
logic toxicity induced neutropenias:
favorable
Geographic location X Mixed 383

Lymphocytic Leukemia chronic lymphocytic leukemias (CLL), their prognosis, and treat-
ment have recently come to light. Differentiating between true
Lymphocytic leukemia is typically defined as proliferation of leukemia and stage V lymphoma can be difficult and arbitrary,
neoplastic lymphocytes in bone marrow. Neoplastic cells usually and is often based on lack of significant lymphadenopathy, degree
originate in the bone marrow, but occasionally in the spleen, and of blood and bone marrow involvement, and immunophenotypic
may or may not be circulating in the peripheral blood. Our abil- characteristics.
ity to diagnose lymphocytic leukemias using morphologic, flow
cytometric, immunophenotypic, and cytochemical techniques Incidence, Risk Factors, and Etiology
has increased significantly in the past decade. Although little
information on treatment and prognosis is available for acute Lymphocytic leukemia is more common than acute myeloid leu-
lymphocytic leukemias (ALL), clinically relevant information on kemia and myeloproliferative disorders, but the true incidence