Page 107 - Small Animal Clinical Nutrition 5th Edition

108 Small Animal Clinical Nutrition

Table 6-1. Mineral functions and effects of deficiencies and excesses.
VetBooks.ir Mineral Function Deficiency Excess

Constituent of bone and teeth,
Decreased feed efficiency and feed intake,
Calcium
Decreased growth, decreased
blood clotting, muscle function, nerve
junctions. Increased calcium intake is a risk
mineralization, lameness,
transmission, membrane permeability appetite, decreased bone nephrosis, lameness, enlarged costochondral
spontaneous fractures, loose teeth, factor for calcium-containing urinary
tetany, convulsions, rickets precipitates; however, moderate- to high-
(osteomalacia in adults) calcium levels may be protective against
calcium oxalate precipitates. Calcium in
meals may bind with oxalate in the gut
decreasing the risk.
Phosphorus Constituent of bone and teeth, Depraved appetite, pica, Bone loss, uroliths, decreased weight gain,
muscle formation, fat, carbohydrate decreased feed efficiency, decreased feed intake, calcification of soft
and protein metabolism, phospholipids decreased growth, dull coat, tissues, secondary hyperparathyroidism
and energy production, reproduction decreased fertility, spontaneous
fractures, rickets
Potassium Muscle contraction, transmission of Anorexia, decreased growth, Rare. Paresis, bradycardia
nerve impulses, acid-base balance, lethargy, locomotive problems,
osmotic balance, enzyme cofactor hypokalemia, heart and kidney
(energy transfer) lesions, emaciation
Sodium and Osmotic pressure, acid-base balance, Inability to maintain water balance, Occurs only if there is inadequate good-
chloride transmission of nerve impulses, decreased growth, anorexia, quality water available. Thirst, pruritus,
nutrient uptake, waste excretion, fatigue, exhaustion, hair loss constipation, seizures and death
water metabolism
Magnesium Component of bone and intracellular Muscle weakness, hyperirritability, Uroliths, flaccid paralysis
fluids, neuromuscular transmission, convulsions, anorexia, vomiting,
active component of several enzymes, decreased mineralization of bone,
carbohydrate and lipid metabolism decreased body weight,
calcification of aorta
Iron Enzyme constituent, activation of Anemia, rough coat, listlessness, Anorexia, weight loss, decreased serum
O (oxidases and oxygenases), decreased growth albumin concentrations, hepatic dysfunction,
2
oxygen transport (hemoglobin, hemosiderosis
myoglobin)
Zinc Constituent or activator of 200 known Anorexia, decreased growth, Relatively nontoxic. Reported cases of zinc
enzymes (nucleic acid metabolism, alopecia, parakeratosis, impaired toxicity from consumption of die-cast zinc
protein synthesis, carbohydrate reproduction, vomiting, hair nuts or pennies
metabolism), skin and wound healing, depigmentation, conjunctivitis
immune response, fetal development,
growth rate
Copper Component of several enzymes Anemia, decreased growth, hair Hepatitis, increased liver enzyme activity
(oxidases), catalyst in hemoglobin depigmentation, bone lesions,
formation, cardiac function, cellular neuromuscular disorders,
respiration, connective tissue reproductive failure
development, pigmentation, bone
formation, myelin formation, immune
function
Manganese Component and activator of enzymes Impaired reproduction, fatty liver, Relatively nontoxic
(glycosyl transferases), lipid and crooked legs, decreased growth
carbohydrate metabolism, bone
development (organic matrix),
reproduction, cell membrane
integrity (mitochondria)
Selenium Constituent of glutathione peroxidase Muscular dystrophy, reproductive Vomiting, spasms, staggered gait, salivation,
and iodothyronine 5’-deiodinase, failure, decreased feed intake, decreased appetite, dyspnea, oral malodor,
immune function, reproduction subcutaneous edema, renal nail loss
mineralization
Iodine Constituent of thyroxine and Goiter, fetal resorption, rough coat, Similar to those caused by deficiency.
triiodothyronine enlarged thyroid glands, alopecia, Decreased appetite, listlessness, rough coat,
apathy, myxedema, lethargy decreased immunity, decreased weight gain,
goiter, fever
Boron Regulates parathyroid hormone, Decreased growth, decreased Similar to those caused by deficiency
influences metabolism of calcium, hematocrit, hemoglobin and
phosphorus, magnesium and alkaline phosphatase values
cholecalciferol
Chromium Potentiates insulin action, therefore Impaired glucose tolerance, Trivalent form less toxic than hexavalent.
improves glucose tolerance increased serum triglyceride and Dermatitis, respiratory irritation, lung cancer
cholesterol concentrations