Page 140 - Small Animal Clinical Nutrition 5th Edition

Minerals and Vitamins 141

have antiinflammatory activities and decrease cell proliferation important metabolic intermediates. They function: 1) in the
VetBooks.ir (Dong et al, 1997; McCarty, 1998). Data from studies using metabolism of fatty acids, 2) in the electron transport chain, 3)
as antioxidants and 4) as growth factors. Continued research in
animal models have shown that green and black tea consistent-
“conditionally essential” nutrients may lead to vitamin classifi-
ly decrease cancers of the skin, lung, stomach, liver, mammary
gland and colon (Chung et al, 2003).Isoflavones present in soy- cation for many of these compounds.
beans have been associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular
disease, certain cancers and other degenerative diseases.
ENDNOTES
SOURCES
Flavonoids are ubiquitous in the plant kingdom. Significant a. Kirk CA. Hill’s Science and Technology Center,Topeka, KS,
variation in the flavonoids present in leaf, petal, root, fruit and USA. Personal communication, 1997.
seed can occur within the same plant. Flavonoid concentration b. Wedekind KJ. Hill’s Science and Technology Center,
can vary within a given plant organ (i.e. in apples), flavonoids Topeka, KS, USA. Unpublished data, 1997.
tend to concentrate in the skin (Harborne, 2000).
REFERENCES
Other Vitamin-Like Substances
Some other substances with vitamin-like activity include lipoic The References for Chapter 6 can be found at
acid, ubiquinones, orotic acid, inositol and p-aminobenzoic www.markmorris.org.
acid. Animals synthesize most of these compounds, which are

CASE 6-1

Seizures in an Airedale Terrier
Patient Assessment
A 20-kg, eight-year-old, neutered male Airedale terrier was admitted to an emergency clinic after a 45-minute episode of contin-
uous seizure activity. The dog was moribund at presentation. Thirty-six hours before the onset of seizures, the dog had ingested a
salt-flour figurine, weighing approximately 100 g.The dog vomited a clear fluid three times within 12 hours after ingesting the fig-
urine and became progressively more polydipsic and polyuric.The dog then consumed an unknown additional volume of uncooked
salt-flour dough. Within an hour after ingesting this mixture, the dog developed generalized, fine-muscular fasciculations, which
rapidly progressed to clonic-tonic motor activity.
The moribund dog was unresponsive to painful stimuli, pyrectic (41.6°C [106.9°F]), tachypneic and had an irregular heart
rhythm. A generalized seizure occurred during the examination. Serum electrolyte and blood gas analysis revealed severe hyperna-
tremia (serum sodium 211 mEq/l, normal 145 to 158), hyperchloremia (serum chloride 180 mEq/l, normal 105 to 122) and meta-
bolic acidosis (serum pH 7.135, normal 7.32 to 7.38).

Treatment Plan
Treatment was initiated with intravenous fluids (5% dextrose in water), sodium bicarbonate, diazepam, phenobarbital and
furosemide. The dog was also cooled with ice-water wraps and electric fans. The dog suffered cardiopulmonary arrest five hours
later and died.
Further Assessment
At postmortem examination, one liter of putty-like, grayish-white material and clear, watery fluid were found in the stomach.
Hemorrhage was noted throughout the stomach and the proximal two-thirds of the small intestine. Acute renal and hepatic necro-
sis was found histopathologically. Sodium and chloride levels in tissues were higher than normal. The brain sodium level was 108
mEq/l (80 mEq/l is considered indicative of sodium salt toxicosis). Analysis of the liquid portion of the gastric contents showed
that a minimum of 20 g of sodium chloride remained in the stomach.

Bibliography
Khanna C, Boermans HJ, Wilcock B. Fatal hypernatremia in a dog from salt ingestion. Journal of the American Animal Hospital
Association 1997; 33: 113-117.