Page 278 - Small Animal Clinical Nutrition 5th Edition

Feeding Reproducing Dogs 283

VetBooks.ir ber of suckling puppies. A bitch’s nutrient requirement during Table 15-2. Distribution of the accretion of the bitch’s body
lactation is greater than at any other adult lifestage and equal to
or higher, in some cases, than for growth. Only extreme exer- weight (BW) at the end of gestation.*
cise (Chapter 18) is more energy demanding.The superior abil- Tissues % of pre-breeding BW
Fetal mass 12
ity of bitches to produce milk is illustrated by the following
Placenta 3
examples. A German shepherd bitch, with six puppies, may Growth of uterus, mammary 3
produce about 1.7 liters of milk/day during the third and fourth tissue and amniotic fluid
Extragenital accretion of tissue 7
week of lactation (Rüsse, 1961). Beagles with five to seven pup-
and extracellular water
pies are able to produce an average of 964 ml of milk/day (7.6% Total accretion 25
of body weight) at three weeks postpartum, and 1,054 ml/day *Adapted from Meyer H. Praktische Fütterung. In: Ernährung
des Hundes, 2nd ed. Stuttgart, Germany: E Ulmer Verlag, 1990;
(8.3% of body weight) at four weeks (Oftedal, 1984). In con-
162-223. Gesellschaft für Ernährungsphysiologie. Grunddaten
trast, a woman produces about 750 ml/day during a three- für die Berechnung des Energie- und Nährstoffbedarfs.
month lactation (Pellet, 1990). Peak milk production of bitch- Ausschuß für Bedarfsnormen der Gesellschaft für
Ernährungsphysiologie Energie- Nährstoffbedarf/Energy and
es equates to that of dairy cows, which produce about 7.3% of
Nutrient Requirements, No. 5 Hunde/Dogs. Frankfurt/Main,
body weight during peak lactation (exceptional cows can peak Germany: DLG Verlag, 1989; 9-31.
at 11% or higher) (Rothbauer, 1994). Additionally, bitch’s milk
contains more than twice the protein and fat of cow’s milk
(Table 15-3) and more protein than goat’s milk.More nutrient-
dense milk is necessary to support the more rapid growth rate
(as a percent of birth weight) of puppies vs. that of calves, kids Table 15-3. Nutrient comparison (% as fed) between bitch’s
and children (Table 15-4). A physical examination and anam- milk and cow’s milk.*
nesis should be performed as described for gestation, above.
Nutrients Canine milk Bovine milk
During the first week of lactation, milk production is approx- Total protein 7.5 3.3
imately 2.7% of body weight. Thereafter, milk production Arginine 0.42 0.13
Isoleucine 0.38 0.21
steadily increases and peaks during the third and fourth week
Leucine 0.98 0.36
of lactation and has been estimated to be as much as 8% of a Lysine 0.37 0.27
bitch’s body weight (Ontko and Phillips, 1958; Rüsse, 1961; Valine 0.46 0.18
Total fat 9.5 3.5
Oftedal, 1984; Meyer et al, 1985; Zentek and Meyer, 1992;
Linoleic acid (C18:2) 11.7 2.5
Scantlebury et al, 2000; NRC, 2006). Lactose 3.4 5.0
After the first two to five days of lactation, the composition Gross energy (kcal/100 g) 146 74
*Adapted from Meyer H, Kienzle E, Dammers C. Milchmenge
of the milk is stable and the bitch’s nutrient requirements are
und Milchzusammensetzung bei und Hündin sowie
primarily determined by the quantity of milk produced (Meyer Futteraufnahme und Gewichtsenwicklung ante und post par-
et al, 1985; Rüsse, 1961; Oftedal, 1984; Mundt et al, 1981). tum. Fortschritte in der Tierphysiologie und Tierernährung
(Advances in Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition) 1985;
During peak lactation, the quantity of milk produced depends
Suppl. No. 16: 51-72. Swaisgood HE. Protein and amino acid
primarily on the number of nursing puppies (Meyer et al, 1985; composition of bovine milk. In: Jensen RG, ed. Handbook of
Ontko and Phillips, 1958). The puppies’ intake of solid food Milk Composition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press Inc, 1995;
464-468.
begins to increase around the fifth week, after which milk pro-
duction progressively declines (Gesellshaft, 1989). Therefore,
the stage of lactation and the number of nursing puppies pri-
marily determine the bitch’s protein and energy requirements
for lactation.
Table 15-4. Composition of mammals’ milk as related to growth
Urea nitrogen levels may be decreased just before parturition; rate of young mammals.*
however, values normalize during the first few weeks of lacta-
Days
tion. Serum total protein concentrations should be within the
required
normal physiologic range (6.0 to 6.5 g/dl) and remain stable to double Protein Fat Calcium Phosphorus
during lactation (Meyer et al, 1985). A decrease in total protein Species birth weight (%) (%) (%) (%)
Man 180 1.6 3.75 0.03 0.014
may indicate undernutrition. Serum calcium concentrations
Horse 60 2.0 1.4 0.10 0.07
may temporarily decrease during Weeks 3 and 4 of lactation, Cow 47 3.3 3.7 0.12 0.10
whereas inorganic phosphorus concentrations should be nor- Goat 22 2.9 3.8 na na
Sheep 15 4.1 7.3 0.19 0.10
mal or slightly increased (Meyer et al, 1985).
Pig 14 6.0 8.0 0.21 0.15
Cat 9.5 7.5 8.6 0.18 0.16
Key Nutritional Factors Dog 9 7.5 9.5 0.24 0.18
Rabbit 6 11.5 15.0 0.61 0.38
Compared with maintenance for young adult dogs, there are no
Key: na = not available.
special nutritional requirements for bitches during estrus *As-fed basis.
(Grandjean and Paragon, 1986). As for maintenance, breeding
bitches should be fed to be in ideal body condition (2.5/5 to