Page 381 - Small Animal Clinical Nutrition 5th Edition

Feeding Mature Adult Cats 391

• Improvement in the quality and length of life. Table 21-2. Key nutritional factors for foods for older cats.
This chapter describes how to assess mature adult cats and
VetBooks.ir how to determine and meet their nutritional needs. Factors Recommended food levels*
Inactive/
Normal and
underweight obese prone
Energy density (kcal ME/g) 4.0-4.5 3.5-4.0
PATIENT ASSESSMENT Energy density (kJ ME/g) 16.7-18.8 14.6-16.7
Fat (%) 18-25 10-18
History and Physical Examination Fiber (%) ≤5 5-15
Protein (%) 30-45 30-45
A complete history should be taken and physical examination Calcium (%) 0.6-1.0 0.6-1.0
performed as described for young adult cats (Chapter 20). Phosphorus (%) 0.5-0.7 0.5-0.7
Physiologic changes associated with aging and age-related dis- Sodium (%) 0.2-0.4 0.2-0.4
Potassium (%) ≥0.6 ≥0.6
eases are of particular interest. Note any changes in appetite, Magnesium (%) 0.05-0.1 0.05-0.1
food or water intake, activity, oral health and body condition. Average urinary pH 6.4-6.6 6.4-6.6
Abnormalities in these parameters are often early indicators of Antioxidants
Vitamin E (IU/kg) ≥500 ≥500
underlying disease. Oral disease is the most prevalent disease in Vitamin C (mg/kg) 100-200 100-200
adult cats; however, weight loss, cancer, renal disease, cardiac Selenium (mg/kg) 0.5-1.3 0.5-1.3
disorders, diabetes mellitus and hyperthyroidism are frequently VOHC Seal of
Acceptance Plaque control Plaque control
diagnosed in this age category. Kidney disease may affect near- Key: ME = metabolizable energy, VOHC = Veterinary Oral
ly 30% of older mature adult cats and is a major cause of death Health Council (Chapter 47).
(MAF, 1998; Lulich et al, 1992). Physical evaluation of renal *Dry matter basis. Concentrations presume an energy density
of 4.0 kcal/g. Levels should be corrected for foods with higher
size, shape and firmness may uncover kidney abnormalities, energy densities. Adjustment is unnecessary for foods with
whereas thoracic auscultation may expose cardiac disease. lower energy densities.
Hyperthyroidism may be detected by palpating enlarged thy-
roid glands or may be suspected based on the history and other
physical findings. A fundic examination may help detect hyper-
tension, which is often secondary to renal, cardiac or thyroid Water
disease in older mature adult cats. Retinal hemorrhage was a Water is an often overlooked but critical nutrient in the health
common finding in a group of older hypertensive cats of mature adult cats. Aging impairs thirst sensitivity, which is
(Littman, 1994). already low in cats compared with other species (MacDonald et
al, 1984; Markham and Hodgkins, 1989). Additionally, the
Laboratory and Other Clinical Information decline in renal function observed in many mature adult cats
Specific abnormalities in the physical and historical exami- may increase water losses due to impaired urine concentrating
nation should be pursued further using appropriate diagnos- ability. Together, these characteristics predispose older cats to
tic procedures. A geriatric-type blood panel to screen for dehydration. Chronic dehydration can impair normal metabol-
common age-associated diseases should be performed at least ic processes and exacerbate subclinical disease. Dehydration
annually. The minimum database should include a complete also reduces a cat’s ability to thermoregulate. Water intake in
blood count, urine specific gravity and sediment examination healthy cats without increased losses is 200 to 250 ml per day
and a serum biochemistry profile. The biochemistry panel (Burger and Smith, 1987).This intake comes from a combina-
should include measurements of albumin, globulin, urea tion of free water, metabolic water and water contained in food.
nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, alkaline phosphatase, alanine Changing to a moist food or adding water to the food (moist
aminotransferase, calcium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, or dry) can increase water intake. Offering low-salt broth, meat
chloride and bicarbonate. Serum total thyroxine (T ) con- juices and “pet drinks” have been advocated to enhance water
4
centrations should be assessed if clinical or biochemical consumption; however, the long-term effectiveness of these
abnormalities suggest hyperthyroidism. Feline leukemia and strategies is unknown. Clean fresh water should be available at
feline immunodeficiency virus testing should be current and all times and readily accessible to further encourage water
repeated if potential exposure has occurred or suspicious clin- intake.
ical signs are present. Specialized diagnostics may be indicat-
ed by physical and/or biochemical findings (e.g., electrocar- Energy
diography, ultrasonography, radiography, blood pressure Reductions in lean body mass, basal metabolic rate and physi-
monitoring). cal activity decrease energy requirements as animals age (Sheffy
and Williams, 1981; Taylor et al, 1995). In many species, the
Key Nutritional Factors decrease in lean body mass is counterbalanced by an increase in
The recommended range of nutrient allowances can be opti- total body fat such that obesity becomes more prevalent with
mized to support changes in physiologic function and reduce age (Armstrong and Lund, 1996; Sheffy and Williams, 1981).
risk factors for common age-related diseases. Table 21-2 sum- However, studies reveal the prevalence of obesity plateaus and
marizes key nutritional factors for mature adult cats. then declines in cats after seven years of age, whereas the preva-