Page 61 - Small Animal Clinical Nutrition 5th Edition

Macronutrients 61

Table 5-2. Calculation of energy requirements.
VetBooks.ir Calculation of daily energy requirement (DER) is based on the resting Lactation

Lactation is nutritionally demanding and the physiologic and nutrition-
energy requirement (RER) for the animal modified by a factor to
account for normal activity or production (e.g., growth, gestation, lac-
Recommend 4 to 8 x RER (depending on number of puppies nursing)
tation, work). RER is a function of metabolic body size. RER is calcu- al equivalent of heavy work.
lated by raising the animal’s body weight in kg to the 0.75 power. The or free-choice feeding.
average RER for mammals is about 70 kcal/day/kg metabolic body The following table may also be used to estimate the DER of lactating
size: RER (kcal/day) = 70(BW kg ) 0.75 or 30(BW kg ) + 70 (if the animal bitches:
weighs between 2 and 45 kg). Expressed in kJ, the average RER for Puppies (No.) DER
0.75
mammals is about 293(BW kg ) . These energy requirements should
be used as guidelines, starting points or estimates of energy require- 1 3.0 x RER
ments for individual animals and not as absolute requirements. This
table is divided into three parts: 1) Feline DER, 2) Canine DER and 3) 2 3.5 x RER
Resting energy requirements of adult dogs in kilocalories metaboliz-
able energy, which may be used instead of the energy equations list- 3-4 4.0 x RER
ed above. RER values from Part 3 still need the DER multiplication
factors for dogs listed in Part 2. 5-6 5.0 x RER
Part 1. Feline DER 7-8 5.5 x RER
Maintenance (0.8 to 1.6 x RER)
Neutered adult = 1.2 x RER ≥9 ≥6.0 x RER
Intact adult = 1.4 x RER
Active adult = 1.6 x RER Growth
Inactive/obese prone = 1.0 x RER Daily energy intake for growing puppies should be 3 x RER from
Weight loss = 0.8 x RER weaning until four months of age.
Critical care = 1.0 x RER At four months of age energy intake should be reduced to 2 x RER
Weight gain = 1.2-1.4 x RER at ideal weight until the puppy reaches adult size.
Gestation Part 3. Resting energy requirements of adult dogs in kilocalo-
Energy requirement increases linearly during gestation in cats. ries metabolizable energy*
Energy intake should be increased to 1.6 x RER at breeding and Body weights RER Body weights RER
gradually increased through gestation to 2 x RER at parturition.
Free-choice feeding of pregnant queens is also recommended. kg lb kcal ME/kg 0.75 kg lb kcal ME/kg 0.75
1 2.2 70 38 83.6 1,071
Lactation 2 4.4 118 39 85.8 1,092
Lactation is nutritionally demanding and the physiologic and nutrition- 3 6.6 160 40 88.0 1,113
al equivalent of heavy work. 4 8.8 198 41 90.2 1,134
Recommend 2 to 6 x RER (depending on number of kittens nursing) 5 11.0 234 42 92.4 1,155
or free-choice feeding. 6 13.2 268 43 94.6 1,175
The following table may also be used to estimate the DER of lactating 7 15.4 301 44 96.8 1,196
queens: 8 17.6 333 45 99.0 1,216
9 19.8 364 46 101.2 1,236
Weeks of lactation DER 10 22.0 394 47 103.4 1,257
Weeks 1-2 RER + 30% per kitten 11 24.2 423 48 105.6 1,277
Week 3 RER + 45% per kitten 12 26.4 451 49 107.8 1,296
Week 4 RER + 55% per kitten 13 28.6 479 50 110.0 1,316
Week 5 RER + 65% per kitten 14 30.8 507 51 112.2 1,336
Week 6 RER + 90% per kitten 15 33.0 534 52 114.4 1,356
16 35.2 560 53 116.6 1,375
Growth 17 37.4 586 54 118.8 1,394
Daily energy intake for growing kittens should be about 2.5 x RER. 18 39.6 612 55 121.0 1,414
Free-choice feeding is recommended. 19 41.8 637 56 123.2 1,433
20 44.0 662 57 125.4 1,452
Part 2. Canine DER 21 46.2 687 58 127.6 1,471
Maintenance (1.0 to 1.8 x RER) 22 48.4 711 59 129.8 1,490
Neutered adult = 1.6 x RER 23 50.6 735 60 132.0 1,509
Intact adult = 1.8 x RER 24 52.8 759 61 134.2 1,528
Inactive/obese prone = 1.4 x RER 25 55.0 783 62 136.4 1,547
Weight loss = 1.0 x RER 26 57.2 806 63 138.6 1,565
Critical care = 1.0 x RER 27 59.4 829 64 140.8 1,584
Weight gain = 1.2-1.4 x RER at ideal weight 28 61.6 852 65 143.0 1,602
29 63.8 875 66 145.2 1,621
Work 30 66.0 897 67 147.4 1,639
Light work = 2 x RER 31 68.2 920 68 149.6 1,658
Moderate work = 3 x RER 32 70.4 942 69 151.8 1,676
Heavy work = 4-8 x RER 33 72.6 964 70 154.0 1,694
34 74.8 986
Gestation 35 77.0 1,007 *Use the DER multiplication fac-
First 42 days: feed as an intact adult. 36 79.2 1,029 tors for dogs listed above for
Last 21 days: use 3 x RER. (This quantity may need to be increased 37 81.4 1,050 total energy intake.
to maintain normal body condition for some dogs, especially larger
breeds.)