Page 914 - Small Animal Clinical Nutrition 5th Edition

946 Small Animal Clinical Nutrition

Table 46-12. Key nutritional factors and recommended levels for managing cats with common lower urinary tract diseases.*
VetBooks.ir Factors Dietary recommendations Combined FIC,

Struvite Struvite Calcium struvite and calcium
FIC dissolution prevention oxalate uroliths oxalate prevention
Water Moist foods are best Moist foods are best Moist foods are best Moist foods are best Moist foods are best
Magnesium (%) – 0.04 to 0.09 0.04 to 0.14 0.07 to 0.14 0.07 to 0.14
Phosphorus (%) – 0.45 to 1.1 0.5 to 0.9 0.5 to 1.0 0.5 to 0.9
Calcium (%) – – – 0.6 to 1.0 0.6 to 1.0
Protein (%) – 30 to 45 30 to 45 ≥32 32 to 45
Sodium (%) – 0.3 to 0.6 0.3 to 0.6 0.3 to 0.6 0.3 to 0.6
Urinary pH – 5.8 to 6.2 6.0 to 6.4 ≥6.2 6.2 to 6.4
Total omega 3 (%) 0.35 to 1.0 – – – 0.35 to 1.0
Key: FIC = feline idiopathic cystitis, Total omega 3 = total omega-3 fatty acids.
*Nutrients expressed on a dry matter basis unless otherwise stated.

Table 46-13. Key nutritional factors for preventing uncommon other lower urinary tract disorders (e.g., uroliths).
feline uroliths.
Key Nutritional Factors
Factors Dietary recommendations
Purine uroliths (urate, Nutritional management plays a key role in successful treat-
uric acid)
Water Promote water intake by using a moist ment and/or prevention of the most common FLUTDs.
food or other measures Nutrition may be helpful for decreasing urine concentration
Protein Avoid excess dietary protein of crystallogenic minerals and inflammatory mediators, in-
Recommend foods with 28 to 30%
DM protein creasing solubility of crystalloids in urine, promoting
Recommend foods with low purine increased concentrations of crystallization inhibiters in urine
content and decreasing retention of crystals and/or uroliths within the
Avoid proteins with high purine content
such as liver, sardines and anchovies urinary tract. When designing a therapeutic regimen for
Urinary pH Use foods that maintain less acidic patients with FIC, struvite uroliths or urethral plugs, or calci-
urine (6.6 to 6.8) um oxalate uroliths, consider the key nutritional factors dis-
Calcium phosphate uroliths
Water Promote water intake by using a moist cussed below. Table 46-12 summarizes these key nutritional
food or other measures factors and recommended nutrient ranges for managing
Calcium Avoid excess dietary calcium patients with common lower urinary tract disorders. Table
Recommend foods with 0.6 to 0.8%
DM calcium 46-13 summarizes key nutritional factors for cats with less
Phosphorus Avoid excess dietary phosphorus common urolith types. Recommended ranges of nutrient lev-
Recommend foods with <0.8% DM els of the key nutritional factors were determined by: 1) con-
phosphorus
Sodium Avoid excess dietary sodium sidering nutrient levels in foods evaluated in cats with various
Recommend foods with <0.30% DM lower urinary tract diseases, 2) using information about risk
sodium factors from epidemiologic studies of cats with lower urinary
Vitamin D Avoid excess dietary vitamin D
Recommend foods with <2,000 IU of tract signs and 3) extrapolation from studies in other species.
vitamin D/kg DM Available evidence supporting effectiveness of different foods
Key: DM = dry matter. should be considered when planning treatment as well as each
patient’s response to treatment.

Water
Table 46-14. Water intake and urine volume in cats fed dry or
moist food.* The volume of water cats consume daily depends on the com-
position and quantity of food ingested and possibly feeding fre-
Volume (ml/day) Moist food Dry food quency. Although somewhat variable, most dry cat foods con-
Water (in food) 246 6
Water (in addition to food) 32 221 tain less than 10% water and moist foods (most often packaged
Total water intake 278 227 in cans or pouches) contain more than 72% water. Healthy cats
Fecal water 27 44 drink more water when eating dry food compared with moist
Urine 166 79
*Adapted from Burger IH, Smith PM. Effects of diet on the urine food. The total volume of water ingested (i.e., drinking water
characteristics of the cat. In: Proceedings. International plus water in food); however, is significantly greater and more
Symposium on Nutrition, Malnutrition and Dietetics in the Dog water is excreted in urine than in feces when cats are fed moist
and Cat, 1987: 71-73.
food (Table 46-14) (Gaskell, 1989; Burger and Smith, 1987).
The solute load of food also influences water consumption; urea
is a major contributor to the renal solute load. Increasing the