Page 960 - Small Animal Clinical Nutrition 5th Edition

994 Small Animal Clinical Nutrition

VetBooks.ir Box 47-8. Chew Toys and Periodontal Disease in Dogs and Cats.

Chew toys are a category of products that claim an oral benefit for
dogs (Figure 1). Many varieties are available with claims ranging
from “flosses teeth” to “reduces harmful plaque;” however, few
data in the literature substantiate these claims. One report claimed
less calculus accumulation in 14 of 20 client-owned dogs when
a
dogs were allowed access to a urethane chewing device for one
month. Anecdotal reports of oral trauma (e.g., gingival lacerations
and tooth fractures) resulting from aggressive chewing of some
dental toys can also be found in the veterinary dental literature.
ENDNOTE
a. Nylabone. Nylabone Products, Neptune, NJ, USA.

The Bibliography for Box 47-8 can be found at
www.markmorris.org. Figure 1. Manufacturers of many toys and devices make dental
claims. Some of these claims include, “removes/reduces tartar,
massages gums and flosses teeth.” In most cases, no scientific
studies substantiate these claims and pet owners can easily be
misled. There is clinical evidence, however, that suggests gum
lacerations and fractured teeth may result from inappropriate
use of toys and devices, including failure to match toy size to
pet size, use of hard toys, particularly with puppies and toy use
with pets that chew aggressively.

Besides commercial treats, rawhide strips have been reported ward effects and food refusal. Chapter 1 contains more in depth
to control calculus accumulation, provided the dog actively information about feeding methods and food transitions.
chews the strips daily (Lage et al, 1990). Two rawhide chews Good compliance is necessary for effective clinical nutrition.
h
each day are typically recommended. Compacted rawhide Enabling compliance includes limiting access to other foods
treats in the shape of balls and bones can cause tooth fractures and knowing who feeds the pet. Communicating the need for
if chewed aggressively or if used as “catch” toys. Flat rawhide and the methods of effective plaque control may improve oral
i
chews coated with an enzymatic system are also available com- hygiene compliance.
mercially; however, there are no published data demonstrating
that these products are any more effective than plain rawhide
strips. Although not foods, chew toys are a category of chew- REASSESSMENT
able products that claim an oral benefit for dogs. Box 47-8 pro-
vides a brief discussion of the potential benefits vs. risks of these Monitoring depends on the: 1) degree of oral pathology, 2)
products. level of periodontal therapy and 3) ability of the owner to pro-
vide routine oral hygiene. An annual oral examination and pro-
Assess and Select the Feeding Method fessional prophylaxis should be adequate for adult dogs and cats
The method of feeding is often not altered in the nutritional with good oral health and normal occlusion. As the severity of
management of periodontal disease. If a new food is fed, the oral disease increases, the degree of periodontal therapy re-
amount to feed can be determined from the amount of the pre- quired to treat the condition will increase as well. An increased
vious food being fed (calorie basis), particularly if the patient is level of oral hygiene will be necessary to prevent disease pro-
in optimal body condition (body condition score of 2.5/5 to gression toward advanced stages of periodontal disease (e.g.,
3.5/5). The food dosage may need to be changed if the caloric periodontitis, etc.).
density of the new food differs from that of the previous food. Initially, patients should be rechecked weekly to monitor
Otherwise product labels or other supporting materials can be healing and oral hygiene. If both are satisfactory, the time
used as starting points. The food dosage and feeding method between recalls can increase to three-month intervals. If the
should be altered if the patient’s body weight and condition are patient has severe pathology affecting plaque retention or if the
suboptimal. Initially, the patient should be weighed every two owner is unable to provide effective plaque control, the time
weeks or so to ensure the food dosage is correct. Although most between periodontal therapies will need to be adjusted to main-
healthy dogs and cats do not experience digestive upsets with tain oral health. These recommendations are initial guidelines.
typical food changes, a gradual transition to a new food may Veterinarians must decide appropriate recall for each case, de-
benefit some patients. Progressively exchanging the new food pending on the degree of oral pathology, periodontal therapy
for the usual food over four to seven days will minimize unto- and owner compliance.