Page 398 - Avian Virology: Current Research and Future Trends

Avian Immune Responses to Virus Infection | 389
Aoshi, T., Koyama, S., Kobiyama, K., Akira, S., and Ishii, K.J. (2011). Innate
Future prospects and adaptive immune responses to viral infection and vaccination. Curr.
Already it is clear that there are aspects of innate and adaptive Opin. Virol. 1, 226–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2011.07.002
responses in birds that are different from those in mammals. Ariaans, M.P., van de Haar, P.M., Hensen, E.J., and Vervelde, L. (2009).
Examples include the differences in key interferon, cytokine Infectious bronchitis virus induces acute interferon-gamma production
and chemokine genes, and the expression of single dominantly through polyclonal stimulation of chicken leukocytes. Virology 385,
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expressed MHC molecules that can determine the success of the Bacon, L.D. (1987). Influence of the major histocompatibility complex on
immune response and thus lead to strong genetic associations of disease resistance and productivity. Poult. Sci. 66, 802–811. https://doi.
the MHC with infectious diseases. org/10.3382/ps.0660802
The genetic bases for some innate immune responses in birds Bacon, L.D., and R.L. Witter. (1994). Serotype specificity of B-haplotype
have described, but there are presumably many other innate pro- influence on the relative efficacy of Marek’s disease vaccines. Avian Dis.
38, 65–71.
cesses to be discovered. Moreover, there is much to be learned Bacon, L.D., Witter, R.L., Crittenden, L.B., Fadly, A., and Motta, J. (1981).
about the mechanisms of resistance and susceptibility deter- B-haplotype influence on Marek’s disease, Rous sarcoma, and lymphoid
leukosis virus-induced tumors in chickens. Poult. Sci. 60, 1132–1139.
mined by different innate immunity genes, including the actions Bacon, L.D., Hunt, H.D., and Cheng, H.H. (2000). A review of the
of many PRRs (including TLRs, NLRs, RIRs, scavenger recep- development of chicken lines to resolve genes determining resistance
tors and lectins), cytokines (including the interferon systems) to diseases. Poult. Sci. 79, 1082–1093. https://doi.org/10.1093/
and chemokines, and NK cells, receptors and ligands. ps/79.8.1082
Similarly, much is now understood about how the MHC class Bacon, L.D., Hunter, D.B., Zhang, H.M., Brand, K., and Etches, R. (2004).
I system of chickens works, but there is much more to be learned Retrospective evidence that the MHC (B haplotype) of chickens
influences genetic resistance to attenuated infectious bronchitis vaccine
about the MHC class II system, antigen processing and peptide strains in chickens. Avian Pathol. 33, 605–609.
loading in the various APCs, the location of the initiation of the Balachandran, S., Roberts, P.C., Brown, L.E., Truong, H., Pattnaik,
adaptive immune response, the TCR repertoire and the different A.K., Archer, D.R., and Barber, G.N. (2000). Essential role for the
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T-cell subsets (both αβ and γδ, and the different T helper cell infection. Immunity 13, 129–141.
subsets), the antibody V region repertoire, affinity maturation Balakrishnan, C.N., Ekblom, R., Völker, M., Westerdahl, H., Godinez, R.,
and isotype switching. Kotkiewicz, H., Burt, D.W., Graves, T., Griffin, D.K., Warren, W.C.,
Such knowledge should allow better breeding for resistance et al. (2010). Gene duplication and fragmentation in the zebra finch
phenotypes, as well as development of improved vaccines that major histocompatibility complex. BMC Biol. 8, 29. https://doi.
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deliver the right response at the right time and in the right place. Banat, G.R., Tkalcic, S., Dzielawa, J.A., Jackwood, M.W., Saggese, M.D., Yates,
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that are not commercial livestock. the chicken MHC B haplotypes with resistance to avian coronavirus.
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