Page 1034 - Saunders Comprehensive Review For NCLEX-RN

B. Respiratory system

1. Symptoms are produced by the stagnation of mucus in
the airway, leading to bacterial colonization and
destruction of lung tissue.
2. Emphysema and atelectasis occur as the airways
become increasingly obstructed.
3. Chronic hypoxemia causes contraction and
hypertrophy of the muscle fibers in pulmonary
arteries and arterioles, leading to pulmonary
hypertension and eventual cor pulmonale.
4. Pneumothorax from ruptured bullae and hemoptysis
from erosion of the bronchial wall occur as the disease
progresses.
5. Other respiratory symptoms
a. Wheezing and cough
b. Dyspnea
c. Cyanosis
d. Clubbing of the fingers and toes
e. Barrel chest
f. Repeated episodes of bronchitis and
pneumonia
C. Gastrointestinal system

1. Meconium ileus in the newborn is the earliest
manifestation.
2. Intestinal obstruction (distal intestinal obstructive
syndrome) caused by thick intestinal secretions can
occur; signs include pain, abdominal distention,
nausea, and vomiting.
3. Stools are frothy and foul-smelling.
4. Deficiency of the fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K,
which can result in easy bruising, bleeding, and
anemia, occurs.
5. Malnutrition and failure to thrive is a concern.
6. Demonstration of hypoalbuminemia can occur from
diminished absorption of protein, resulting in
generalized edema.
7. Rectal prolapse can result from the large, bulky stools
and increased intra-abdominal pressure.
8. Pancreatic fibrosis can occur and places the child at
risk for diabetes mellitus.

D. Integumentary system

1. Abnormally high concentrations of sodium and
chloride in sweat are noted.
2. Parents report that the infant tastes “salty” when

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