Page 1497 - Saunders Comprehensive Review For NCLEX-RN

small, low-fat meals.
7. Instruct the client to avoid gas-forming foods.
8. Prepare the client for nonsurgical and surgical
procedures as prescribed.
E. Surgical interventions
1. Cholecystectomy is the removal of the gallbladder.
2. Choledocholithotomy requires incision into the
common bile duct to remove the stone.
3. Surgical procedures may be performed by
laparoscopy.
F. Postoperative interventions

1. Monitor for respiratory complications caused

by pain at the incisional site.

2. Encourage coughing and deep breathing.

3. Encourage early ambulation.
4. Instruct the client about splinting the abdomen to
prevent discomfort during coughing.
5. Administer antiemetics as prescribed for nausea and
vomiting.
6. Administer analgesics as prescribed for pain relief.

7. Maintain NPO status and NG tube suction as

prescribed.
8. Advance diet from clear liquids to solids when
prescribed and as tolerated by the client.
9. Maintain and monitor drainage from the T-tube, if
present (Box 48-8).
XIII. Cirrhosis
A. Description
1. A chronic, progressive disease of the liver
characterized by diffuse degeneration and destruction
of hepatocytes
2. Repeated destruction of hepatic cells causes the
formation of scar tissue.
3. Cirrhosis has many causes and is due to chronic
damage and injury to liver cells; the most common
are chronic hepatitis C, alcoholism, nonalcoholic fatty
liver disease (NAFLD), and nonalcoholic
steatohepatitis (NASH).

B. Complications

1. Portal hypertension: A persistent increase in pressure
in the portal vein that develops as a result of
obstruction to flow.
2. Ascites

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