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C. Kelangsungan Hidup Hewan dan Tumbuhan ................................. 108
1. Adaptasi ....................................................................................... 109
2. Seleksi Alam ............................................................................... 113
Bab 3 Kependudukan dan Lingkungan ...................................... 127
A. Dinamika Penduduk ................................................................................. 129
1. Kelahiran (Natalitas) .................................................................. 131
2. Kematian (Mortalitas) ............................................................... 132
3. Perpindahan Penduduk (Migrasi) ......................................... 133
B. Dampak Peningkatan Jumlah Penduduk
terhadap Masalah Lingkungan ............................................................. 134
1. Penurunan Kualitas Lingkungan
Akibat Limbah/Sampah ............................................................ 135
2. Berkurangnya Ketersediaan Air Bersih ............................... 140
3. Berkurangnya Ketersediaan Udara Bersih ......................... 148
4. Berkurangnya Ketersediaan Ruang
dan Lahan Pertanian .................................................................. 151
Bab 4 Partikel Penyusun Benda Mati dan Makhluk Hidup ........ 165
A. Molekul dalam Benda Mati dan Makhluk Hidup ........................... 169
B. Atom dan Partikel Penyusunnya.......................................................... 174
1. Partikel Subatom ........................................................................ 175
2. Nomor Atom dan Nomor Massa .......................................... 181
C. Prinsip Pembentukan Molekul ............................................................. 186
1. Konfigurasi Elektron ................................................................. 186
2. Ion ................................................................................................... 190
3. Identifikasi Unsur ....................................................................... 197
D. Karakteristik Benda dalam Kehidupan
Sehari-hari .................................................................................................... 200
1. Intan dan Grafit ........................................................................... 201
2. Plastik .............................................................................................. 203
3. Logam ............................................................................................. 206
4. Tulang dan Gigi ........................................................................... 208
Bab 5 Kelistrikan dan Teknologi Listrik di Lingkungan ............. 219
A. Konsep Listrik Statis ...................................................................................
220
1. Muatan Listrik .............................................................................. 220
2. Hukum Coulomb ........................................................................ 224
3. Medan Listrik ................................................................................ 228
4. Beda Potensial dan Energi Listrik .......................................... 232
vi Kelas IX SMP/MTs Semester 1
