Page 29 - EL108 Learrning Module

manner in Spanish as they do in English, which does not result in an error of form

but which leads them to mark manner very differently from Spanish speakers. The
same is true for grammatical errors relating to pragmatics, when an accurate and

meaningful form is used, but one that is inappropriate to the context.

Spoken versus Written Grammar

With access to corpora of oral data, it has become increasingly apparent
that there are differences in the grammar of the spoken versus written form (e.g.,

Biber, 1986; Carter & McCarthy, 1995).
However, Leech (2000) contends that in English, at least, spoken and

written forms utilize the same grammatical repertoires, but do so with different

frequencies. Reinforcing this point for French, Waugh (1991) studied the
distribution of the passé simple form and found that it was much more common in

writing, presumably because it shows detachment.
On the other hand, the differences between the two media may be more

dramatic. For example, in Arabic, it has long been known that spoken regional
dialects are markedly different from classical written Arabic. In any case, it is

important to note the written bias in linguistics (Linell, 2005).

Checkpoint!

1. ESSAY

DIRECTIONS: Discuss briefly your answer to the questions below.

1. Which approach in teaching grammar would be best in a Filipino classroom
setting?

2. Explain the statement “Consciousness is necessary to change behavior”.

Teaching and Assessment of Grammar 17